Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 22

Once we had put several blocks between us and the police precinct, we stopped in the shadows of a bare maple tree. â€Å"Well, thanks for the rescue – not that I couldn't have done it myself, eventually,† Damon said. â€Å"And now, I think I'm ready for a drink. Adieu, mes amis,† he saluted us, and spun on his heel, disappearing into the night. â€Å"Good riddance,† Lexi muttered. â€Å"What now?† I asked. â€Å"You heard the man. Let's go for a drink,† she said, grinning, and put her arm in mine. I walked with Lexi, but it felt wrong, somehow, to be able to go on with my existence so casually knowing that the Sutherlands had been murdered, and it had been partly my doing. What would I tell Margaret? She deserved to know some version of the truth, despite the fact that there would be no justice here. Creatures like the one who killed her family did not suffer consequences for their actions. Human lives were much shorter than vampire lives, but that didn't make them less valuable. In fact, it made their lives more precious. â€Å"So catch me up,† she said, squeezing my arm and pulling me out of my dark thoughts. â€Å"What's been going on since you left our fair city?† â€Å"I got married today,† I said. Her eyes widened. â€Å"Now I really do need a drink,† she declared. â€Å"Stefan Salvatore, you are going to be the death of me. I have heard of a lovely new place that gets its vodka straight from St. Petersburg and freezes it in a fancy little ice-bottle†¦.† She prattled on, leading me through what I had thought was my city, but New York with Lexi was an entirely different animal. Whereas I'd stuck to the shadows and back alleys, Lexi knew her way around glittering nightlife. Soon we came to what looked like an elegant private club. Thick red carpets covered every square inch of the floor, and gold, black, and red lacquer covered everything else, including a giant carving of a firebird that hung from the ceiling. A ma?tre d' came up, and after one look at Lexi, ushered us over to the most extravagant booth. It had velvet and cloth-of-gold pillows with far too many tassels to be perfectly comfortable. The strains of a piano filtered from the next room over, and I understood why she'd chosen this bar – Lexi always asked Hugo, a member of her vampire family in New Orleans, to play piano for her. â€Å"Married?† she said as soon as we were settled in and she had ordered us something. The image of the Sutherlands' bloody bodies scorched my vision for a moment. â€Å"How did you know where we were, really?† I asked, changing the subject. News didn't travel that fast unless it was about the war. It still should have taken her at least a week to get from Louisiana to New York, whether by train or vampiric speed. â€Å"I set one of my friends after Damon. I worried about you,† she admitted, a sheepish look on her face. â€Å"I know you can take care of yourself, but Damon is dangerous, Stefan, and I don't want anything to happen to you.† The waiter came over with our drinks. As promised, the bottle was encased in a block of bluish ice with flowers and herbs pressed inside, as fresh as the day they were frozen. I couldn't help touching a fingertip to a blossom that was near the surface, and feeling the ridge of rime that separated it from my skin. A human's heat would have melted the ice. A vampire's flesh was colder, kept in a similar state of perpetual frozen perfection. The waiter poured us each a shot in goblets carved from solid green malachite. I put my hand over hers. â€Å"Thank you, Lexi. For everything you've done. I can never repay you.† â€Å"No, you can't,† she said cheerfully. â€Å"But you can start by telling me everything. As I said before: married?† So I told her about my discovery of Bridget and being inducted into the Sutherland household, and Damon's insane plans. She giggled and gasped at every detail. I guess from an outsider's perspective, particularly a much older vampire, Damon's machinations might seem mild in comparison. â€Å"Oh, oh my God,† she said, unable to stop laughing. â€Å"A double wedding? You and Damon together? And no one ate the flower girl?† She waved the waiter over for another bottle of vodka. â€Å"Oh, how I wish I was there. Stefan! I didn't even get you anything†¦.† I smiled, wishing I could just sit there and continue to watch her laugh. But I had to finish the tale. â€Å"Are you sure it wasn't Damon?† she asked quietly, when I told her of the Sutherlands' murders. â€Å"There are a lot of things I can't predict about him,† I admitted. â€Å"I had no idea he would actually follow me to the ends of the earth just to make my life miserable – even after he murdered Callie. But I'm positive he had nothing to do with the slaying – he was just as surprised as I was. And he has not been one to hide his evil acts. Besides, Margaret even believed him and apparently she has a sixth sense about these things,† I said. â€Å"New York City isn't exactly the ends of the earth,† she said, but this time there was no humor in her voice. â€Å"But it's an odd coincidence that some other monster would set his sights on the very same family that you did.† â€Å"It wasn't a coincidence at all.† Lexi's face went ashen as I recounted what the lawyer had said. A look I had never seen before on her crossed her pretty face – dread. â€Å"Describe him to me,† she ordered. â€Å"He was huge. Blond hair, blue eyes. He seemed older than time,† I said, struggling to express the ancient menace I felt. â€Å"Evil. Just pure darkness radiating out of him.† â€Å"Did he†¦ did he have an accent?† she asked hesitantly, as if she already knew the answer. â€Å"Yes. I thought it was just part of whatever he was. But it could have been Polish or Russian. He said something about someone named Klaus?† Lexi thumped the underside of the table with her fist and looked away. â€Å"Who was it, Lexi?† I demanded. I needed to know. If he was going to be my executioner, if he was the one who had murdered the Sutherlands, at the very least I would get to know who my enemy was. â€Å"He mentioned Klaus?† she asked, speaking more into her glass than to me. â€Å"Everyone knows about him. He was one of the first vampires.† A hush seemed to descend over the restaurant, and the gas lamps flickered. I clutched my glass of vodka. â€Å"He is directly descended from Hell. Any piece of good, any sense of morality, anything at all that keeps you and me – and even Damon – from becoming a completely twisted, raving monster of pure evil – none of that is in him. There is nothing human about him. He has minions, other old ones who do his bidding. No one's ever seen Klaus – or at least lived to tell about it!† I digested this horrifying information, wrapping my hands around my glass. â€Å"This†¦ thing said we took Katherine.† Lexi paled. â€Å"If she was important to Klaus and he believes that you and your brother are responsible for what happened to her, you're in serious trouble.† â€Å"He mentioned a curse. Do you know what he's talking about?† Lexi drummed her fingers against the table, her brow furrowing. â€Å"Curse? Many vampires consider being confined to wander at night a curse, but I don't know what Katherine had to do with that.† â€Å"Do you think he†¦ did he turn her into a vampire?† I asked. â€Å"That's irrelevant,† Lexi said. â€Å"It's doesn't matter how or why he cares about her – just that he does. You have your own fate to worry about.† I ran my hands through my hair, frustrated. Once again Katherine had found a way to insert herself into my life and create havoc. While I felt guilty about what had happened to Katherine, I still blamed her for destroying my family, for turning my life into the mess it was now. Katherine had been nothing but selfish. She'd toyed with me and Damon, when Damon fell in love with her and I†¦ well, was falling in lust with her, not once did she think about the possible dangers for us. That we would die, that our brotherhood would be severed irreparably, that her sire might eventually catch up to her, hell-bent on revenge. â€Å"I have to get rid of him,† I said. Lexi shook her head. â€Å"You're not ‘getting rid' of anything that old and powerful, my young stripling. You're just a babe – and on top of that, your diet of rodents and birds hasn't exactly strengthened you. You and your brother working together couldn't defeat him. I couldn't take him on.† â€Å"Well, what do I do?† I demanded, my voice taking on a hard, determined edge. I had just been letting everything that had come along in my life control me – Damon and his stupid plans, getting married†¦. It was time I acted. Lexi rubbed her temples. â€Å"The best you can hope for right now is to figure out what his plans are – and then avoid them. You will need to live long enough to figure out a way to vanquish this old one, before he has a chance to tell Klaus where you are.† I nodded, thinking. â€Å"We need to go back to the mansion.† Lexi opened her mouth, but I put up my hand. â€Å"I know – but maybe he left something behind.† Lexi squared her jaw. â€Å"I'll go with you. My senses are more finely tuned than yours.† â€Å"You don't need finely tuned senses to catch the scent of Hell,† I told her, â€Å"but I appreciate the help.†

The new blue music: Changes in rhythm & blues Essay

ContemporaryR&B Introduction                   Music has been one of many sources of entertainment globally. Contemporary R&B is one of the many music genres found globally. This type of music brings together elements of the old rhythm and blues, hip hop, pop, soul and funk. Contemporary R&B has a cultured record creation style, drum machine as well as smooth and a luxurious style of vocal understanding. Contemporary R&B commonly referred by many as Rhythm and Blues is my preferred type of music,                   especially the one created by African-American artists. This music genre has a unique quality of its own. The emergence of the music was due to the need to identify the music differently from the other types of R&B that were originally there before the coming of contemporary R&B. Coming of Contemporary R&B resulted in combination or pulling together all other forms of music such as hip-hop, blues, pop, soul and funk and coming up with the new form of R&B. There is an increasing in the influence of this type of music. Our future generations should continue to listen and appreciate contemporary R&B music (Ripani, 2006).                   Since the introduction of this type of music (contemporary R&B) in 1980’s in disco scenes, the music has continued to flow as well as the older music that had merged to make the genre. Various artists have contributed to the development of this type of music. For example, Michael Jackson brought this music into the conventional music culture. The coming up of contemporary R&B gave its larger audience that before. The merge between hip hop and R&B brought music into a higher level in terms of appreciation by people. Since the turn of 21st century, hip hop also gained popularity as part of contemporary R&B, as the earliest form of R&B had gained in 1990’s. Through the incorporation with other types of music, the music was becoming more appealing and cool to the rhythm and blues followers as well as hip hop audiences. The use effects such as Autotune together with computerized synths have given R&B a more futuristic feel whilst still trying to include many of the genre’s general themes such as relationship and love. The advancements of the genre’s production and instrumentation have stimulated the success of artists such as Frank Ocean, Miguel and Janelle Monae among many others (Ripani, 2006). References Ripani, R. J. (2006).  The new blue music: Changes in rhythm & blues, 1950-1999. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.Hoffmann, F., Carlin, R., & Zak, A. J. (2005).  Rhythm & Blues, Rap, and Hip-Hop. New York: Infobase Pub. Source document

Disorders of the Blood

In the human body there are two important types of blood cells, these are red blood cells and the white blood cells. Red blood cells operate in effort of carrying oxygen to the lungs. White blood cells serve to defend tissues in the body that have the capability of setting up infections in the body. There are many different blood disorders that people have. Blood disorders may be the cause of serious illnesses and some deaths. Disorders may begin to affect an individual as early as in their childhood. Anemia, Sickle cell, and Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are the disorders that I will be explaining and discussing in the below scenarios. Lily, a 4-year-old Caucasian female, has she been complaining of being tired all the time. She is pale and is a picky eater. Her mother is a single mom with a small budget to feed a large family. Lily eats only pasta, breads, and hot dogs, and she drinks only artificial fruit punch. Lily has iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is when the blood lacks the proper amount of healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells are the main transporters of oxygen to organs. Some symptoms of anemia are fatigue because organs do not get enough oxygen and this is when fatigue happens. Certain forms of anemia are hereditary and infants can be affected from time of birth. Girls who do not have the proper amount of iron in their diet may become iron deficient due to inadequate dietary iron, inadequate growth requirements, and the start of menstruation. The most common symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia include eating or craving ice, swelling of the tongue, and very dry lips. The mother can not afford many groceries. This is a critical part in bad eating habits. Lily’s mom should try to buy her some food and drinks that has a lot of vitamin C. Davon is a 5-year-old African American male who has just moved to Chicago, and he is visiting his new pediatrician for a kindergarten physical. His mother tells the nurse that she carries the sickle cell trait and wants Davon screened for it. Davon may have the sickle cell trait. Sickle cell is a disease that changes normal blood cells to round red blood cells. Red blood cells pass through blood vessels easily. A person that has sickle cell means that it very hard for red blood cells to pass through the blood vessels, and that is because it is in a different form. The oxygen is stopped. This can cause a lot of pain for the person. Sickle cell causes a lifelong battle against many health problems. This can cause infections and erious illnesses, even a stroke. Symptoms for someone who has Sickle cell are often painful and are caused in the event of the sickled cells getting stuck in the blood vessels. When this happens then the blood flow is prevented from carrying out the normal function. If the blood flow is blocked it causes pain in the feet, hands, back, chest, or belly. The pain may last for a few hours or even days. People who have Sickle cell usually have anemia. People that have Sickle cell anemia, have an abnormal skin color.

Price Setting as the Art of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Price Setting as the Art of War - Essay Example Past historical data can provide insight into the willingness of people to pay more for an item. Take for example food items such as vegetables. The prices of vegetables fluctuate a lot due to supply and demand factors. If in the past customer was willing to pay $3 for a lettuce, then the company knows that it can increase its price to that threshold in the future. Past data has to be analyzed to determine how much volume of sales was generated at higher price points. Â  It is always a smart strategy to gain insight directly from the customers. The use of surveys can help a company determine if customers are willing to pay more for a good or service. The survey has to be well designed to include questions associated with the subject. For example, you can ask a customer if he is willing to pay more if the item the company sells increases in quality. Historical sales data can also be useful because they establish purchasing patterns. Â  The prices of sporting events in different spots vary depending on the team. For example, the New York Yankees can charge higher entrance prices than the Florida Marlins due to the fact that New York is a bigger marketplace. The record of the team also influences in the pricing for sporting events. Teams with winning records can charge more than the team with losing records. I consider pricing to be the art of diplomacy. Prices are set based on set variables such as quality, value, and marketplace. Items sold in flea markets are going to be cheaper than items sold at the mall. Â  

Wireless Network Active Attacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless Network Active Attacks - Essay Example The best solution to this problem is RF proofing the nearby atmosphere. The use of Wireless technologies is increasing rapidly and Wireless technology is much admired. So companies are exchanging their usual wired networks with wireless - even for non-mobile functions. There have been several warnings from security advisors regarding wireless protocols, Especially for WEP, being disgustingly insecure. Unauthorized access to wireless network can occur from different ways for example, when a user turns on a computer and it latches on to a wireless admittance point from a neighboring company’s overlapping network, the user may not even know that this has occurred. But, it is a security violate in that proprietary company information is exposed and now there could exist a link from one company to the other. A denial-of-service attack is an effort to make computer resources unavailable to its intended users. It is the malicious efforts of a persons or number of persons to stop a web site or service from carrying out proficiently or at all. One general way of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot react to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable. It normally slows down the network performance. For example speed of opening files and closing files slow down. System will also be unable to access any web site. The bandwidth of a router linking the Internet and a local area network may be consumed by DoS. There are also other types of attack that may include a denial of service as a module, but the denial of service may be a part of a larger attack. Illegal utilization of resources may also result in denial of service. For instance, an interloper can use someone’s secret ftp ar ea as a place to store illegal copies of commercial software, overwhelming disk space and generating network

Questions about Gender and Generation Management in the workplace Essay

Questions about Gender and Generation Management in the workplace - Essay Example the organisations achievement of objectives (Bagilhole & White, 2013) It helps in coordinating the various generations in the workplace because all their opinions matter and everyone’s input is valued and incorporated in the firm’s means of achieving the objectives. 2. I would prefer working with generation X due to the fact that it’s a generation made of young people who can make quick decisions and have innovative minds. Their fast decision making tendencies helps in moving the firm forward and achieving the set objectives which increases the value of the firm. Also, the innovative minds helps in coming up with new ways of doing things and processes gives the firm a competitive edge against competitors. 3. Generation Y would be most challenging to manage and lead due to the fact that it is made up of quite older people who are a bit resistant to change. Most of them get stuck with rules and procedures set earlier, and are not willing to change. This makes incorporating valuable changes in an organization difficult; and of course this means that the firm cannot move forward as fast as expected or as planned. 4. The average age for retiring from work is 60. Some of primary reasons as to why people should retire are; it is a state requirement for civil servants to retire, they are no longer as productive as before and also to concentrate on something else they had wished to do. The reasons are individual and others come from external forces like the state requirement for civil servants to retire in order to give way for other qualified citizens to get the chances to work. 5. Generation X is impatient and at the same time dismissive. Most children born during this era display a lot of impatience in most things they undertake in their day to day activities, including undertakings at school, work and even at home. They also dismiss most of the ideas offered by other people mostly the older generation including their parents and other older siblings. On the

Business Report Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Report - Dissertation Example Moreover, this strategy also depends upon the institutional framework, regulatory and economic development policies. Aim This study will propose and develop several new tourism strategic policies and planning frameworks for Singapore on the basis of imaginary scenario. Bali, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok are the three major international airports near Singapore. These airports have been closed down due to several natural calamities and disasters. The tourism policies and plan will help Singapore to clatter the extra demand from these affected countries. Scope However, it has been identified that the tourism industry in Singapore has incurred significant losses during the global economic slowdown of 2007-09 and after that Asian Financial Crisis era. The growth rate of Singapore’s tourism industry has declined by 9.2 percent in 2010. At that point of time, the Singapore Tourism Board assumed that the country has the potential to attain a target of 17 million international visitorâ₠¬â„¢s arrival. Moreover, the board had a target of 30 billion Singaporean dollar revenue. According to some recent facts, figures and information of tourism industry and present economic scenario, it can be stated that the target would be challenging enough (Bagozzi, Gopinath, & Nyer, 1999, p.12). Growth Rate in Next Five Years The tourism industry of Singapore will feel huge pressure in order to control the crowd of several international and domestic touri sts as the three international airports, such as Bali, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur have between closed down due to the natural calamities. The tourism industry and government should implement plans and policies collaboratively. Singapore is one of the leading tourist destinations in the South-East Asia (Balderjahn, 1988, p.7). Almost 10 million people used to visit the country in every year. Their modes of transport are airlines and cruise. The next parts will propose several tourism plans and policies and implication of those polic ies. The government should look to increase the number of airport in order to control the increasing number of tourists. Moreover, the government should approve the licensing of casinos. These implications will help the industry to grow in next five years. Moreover, by the implementations of plans and tourism policies, the tourism industry will be able to achieve 100% growth in the first year and 50% in next four years. Answer 1: Identification and Explanation of Policies and Plans In the current situation of declined growth of tourism industry in Singapore, it can be recommended that the tourism board and authorities of the country need to develop and implement several effective strategic policies to boost the growth of this industry. In this report there are few important policies and plans have been recommended for the growth of this industry in Singapore. Five Year Economic Plan Next five year economic plan of Singapore should focus on the development of tourism industry. Under this five year plan, several approaches can be suggested. National tourism policy, rural tourism policy, community based tourism policy and nature based tourism pol

Evidence-based Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-based Practice - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that PICOT refers to a formula that is designed to answer focused clinical questions concerning a given target population or a fundamental issue for nursing research. PICOT was developed to enhance the efforts of establishing an evidence-based practice in nursing. PICOT calls for continued research to improve the body of knowledge and base the current nursing practice on sound scientific research. PICOT will help to maintain the status of nursing as a professional and autonomous career. PICOT is an acronym that is used by clinicians when carrying out clinical research. This method of evidence-based clinical research promotes understanding among the researchers. The letter â€Å"p† stands for the study population. The letter â€Å"I† refers to the clinical intervention and its variables. The letter â€Å"C† is the comparison with a placebo while â€Å"O† refers to the outcome of the process after a particular inte rvention. The letter â€Å"T† refers to the time taken for an outcome of a nursing intervention can achieve an objective. In a patient with an abscess that has been recurring for six months, does prophylactic antibiotic treatment, compared to no treatment, reduce the rate of recurrence? The PICO (T) elements are; P = Patients with recurrent abscess I = Prophylactic antibiotic treatment C = No antibiotic treatment O = Decline in the high rate of recurrence of the abscess T = Six months

Race as a factor in the evaluation of the admissions process Case Study

Race as a factor in the evaluation of the admissions process - Case Study Example Race as a factor in the evaluation of the admissions’ process The moral defense of a university’s practice to incorporate race as a factor in the evaluation of the admissions’ process can be examined through the application of diversity and diversity compensation arguments. The presence of obvious group disadvantage which is experienced by members of a certain race would imply that the consideration of race as a factor in admissions is conducive to the reduction of the racial groups’ social limitations while, eliminating the aspects of historical discrimination, the prejudiced mindset of mass media, educational, occupational and residential segregation and the negative impact of the cycle of poverty. The accumulation of this aspect promotes the emergence of individual disadvantages which translates into group disadvantage. For example, research on career opportunities and housing arrangements for racial groups indicates that discrimination and stereotyping is prevalent. The presence of these elements adversely affects the ability of minority students and harms their potential for further development. Through the application of the concepts of aforementioned arguments it can be concluded that race can be justified as an element of consideration in the holistic admissions process which evaluates the individual candidate’s abilities beyond the traditional measures of admissions criteria and takes into account the significance of their life experiences.

Prevent Elder Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prevent Elder Abuse - Essay Example Victims normally experience more than one type of abuse. Aiming to address the increasing number of reported elder abuse cases, The Project P.E.A will help alleviate and assist victims in any effective approach. The promoter of this program will aid elder abuse victims with crime prevention, crime awareness, and crime reporting resources though proper education, advocacy, and training of seniors, volunteers and service providers. Looking forward to find resolution to this kind of violation, The Project P.E.A. will work together with authorities to help support victims. Educating community by orienting to the criminal justice system related to this type of offense, court support, case status and the proper approach on how to handle such cases. This can be done by conducting seminars, community presentation, and training among volunteers and the community to avoid similar cases in the future. The serious problem of elder abuse is growing and considering of advocating its proper resolution by this educational campaign. A five-year media campaign is planned which includes paid advertising, public relations, community forums, and similar outreach programs designed to cater both victims and probable suspects to

Group Development Application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group Development Application - Assignment Example The workforce that companies, businesses, and foundations have is the first if not the key factor in any start up. This means, selecting the right skills, right professionals, and the right advice for the foundation. To collect data at the initial start of the project, the foundation will hire 100 employees on a one-off contract basis. These personnel will be responsible for data collection, analysis and drawing out conclusions. They will be composed of professional qualitative data research and analyst who are unit leaders. The other 70 personnel are capable elites that will not take us a century to train. Another group will be operating at our head office located in the capital city Nairobi. They are composed of 50 professionals and 15 casual workers hired on permanent terms and conditions. Professionals workers from a variety of fields including human resource managers, accountants, field agents and counselors among other staff that will come up handy, of importance and goes along the mission statement. We have to maintain a high standard service code to be able to succeed. To justify utilization of different groups of this vastness is that it involves duties that need the utmost teamwork and understanding. There are skilled personnel and the casuals that work in the organization. Groupings of personnel are done that is comprised of personnel from various regions and backgrounds. The entire team has to work together. A mixture of workers will submit duties, when there is a need to respond to certain special needs. Without which my leadership is doomed (Coetzer, 2007) Challenges are inevitable wherever we are on the face of the world. We need to hope for challenges only when we are ready. As a leader, I will learn to handle challenges accompanying such groupings. Time and again teams will have frictions here and there. Given that people are made of who, where, how, and what experience and natural

Learning and Development Practice Essay Example for Free

Learning and Development Practice Essay 1. Directive: Is where the coach offers the coachee solutions, tools and techniques for moving forward. The coachee may like to be offered solutions however the danger is that the solution may not be appropriate for the coachee’s situation and consequently may not feel fully committed to the solution provided. 2. Non-Directive: Is coaching in the true sense of the word where the coach simply asks the coachee questions to allow the coachee to find your own solutions. A non-directive coach will not offer the coachee advice and rarely even give the coachee suggestions, although through skilful questioning they will help the coachee to see their situation from a different perspective, gain clarity, uncover options, challenge inconsistencies and hold the coachee accountable to their actions. ‘Directiveness’ Scale Directive Non-Directive I know how You know how I tell you You tell me You follow instruction- You decide Starr, J. 2008. The Coaching Manual. Person Education LTD. Pg20. Although I have given an idea of what directive and non-directive coaching styles are. These styles can be seen on a sliding scale. A tool for the coach to use, dependent on the situation and where the questioning leads. The coach my not always use one style over another but can slide up and down the scale to enhance the coachee’s answer and gain clarity where needed, or dependent on the experience of the coachee. With the ultimate aim that the coachee leaves empowered to move forward with action points to achieve goals. 1.2 How coaching differs from other LD methods Counselling Counselling a therapeutic intervention usually around a personal deep rooted issue from a person’s past that is affecting a person in the present. Counselling provides intervention strategy’s to cope with the personal issue by delving into the persons past. Coaching although can bring out emotions from the coachee, tends to be forward looking and is based around  performance related issues and not personal. (Beevers, 2010). 1.3 How coaching can meet organisational objectives Coaching can meet organisational objectives by  Staff engage and have a greater awareness of organisations objectives. Implemented agreed actions during coaching process show recorded outcomes which means the organisation has measurable results of learning within staff PDP’s. Shows an organisation has a learning culture – investing in their people. If coach is line manager they will enhance management capabilities within the organisation. 1.4 Coaching roles The Coaches role Establishes the boundaries, e.g. Frequency and length of sessions as well as the session structure. Explains what coaching is and is not, and asks permission to explain when issues go beyond what is permissible in coaching. Helps the coachee set goals through questions. Showing interest, activity listening, being non-judgmental. Shows confidence in coachee to find own solutions. Helps coachee gain insight through questioning, listening and challenging them. Encourages forward movement and thinking. Helps coachee set SMART goals and feedback on those goals. Holds coachee accountable for his/her own progress and does not own the actions. The Coachee role Commits to the coaching process and be an active part. Takes ownership of their progress. Is honest, open and shares information with the coach. Willing to discover more self awareness. Takes ownership and willingness to move forward with agreed actions to achieve goals. Understands that the coach is only human and that mistakes from both the coachee and the coach may be made along the journey. 1.5 The benefits of coaching Individual Increased Confidence and self awareness from developing own solutions and goals (ILM,2007). Dedicated time to discuss own performance and ownership on how to improve it. Better understanding of their contribution within their role related to the organisations objectives. Organisation Motivated staff leading to better staff retention throughout the organisation. Improved communication and relationships between management and staff. Improve business knowledge and skills in specific areas related to the organisation (ILM, 2007). 1.6 How to implement a coaching culture within an organisation Bringing in external coaches would be dependent on cost– External coaches are costly, although may be more dependent and more reliant to complete agreed actions, but are more likely to be used short term and small scale (Beevers, 2010). External coaches are more likely to be brought to coach executive level management (Beevers, 2010), or to train up in-house coaches who can then coach at lower levels of management and/or line managed staff within the organisation as part of the development process (Harrison, 2009). 1.7 Developing in-house coaching Advantages Coach will have existing knowledge of the organisation and understands the organisations objectives. Can be more cost effective when coaching a large workforce in comparison to bring in an external coach. As a manager/coach – can offer immediate coaching to team members when issues arise. Disadvantages Coachee may not be willing to open up to coach about issues, especially is coach is their line manager due to lack of trust of confidentiality. Conflict of interest if coach is a manager – They have their own targets to achieve which might affect the aims or outcome of the coaching session. Costs of training, supervising and time from normal workload to coach if internal employees are trained to become coaches (Harrison 2009). References Beevers, K and Andrew, R., 2010. Learning and Development Practice. CPID. Harrison, R. 2009., Learning and development. 5th edition. CIPD. ILM. May 2011., Creating a coaching culture. ILM. Starr, J. 2008., The Coaching Manual. Person Education Ltd. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of coaching relationship [Online] Available at [Accessed 31/09/13].

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay Power is a goal that most people strive for in their lives. When someone takes power for granted they can manipulate their friends and cause serious trouble. In terms of ancient history, specifically regarding ancient Rome, having too much power can lead to negative outcomes.  When someone mentions the name Julius Caesar, it triggers an image of Romes greatest leader in history. July 13, 100 B.C., was the beginning of a new era in Roman society. This marked the birth of Romes greatest political figure, Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius Caesars rise through Romes political ranks of Rome came quickly and it was believed by many individuals in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful for his own good. They also believed that he was becoming a threat of the Republican government.(CITE 7) After establishing himself as the dictator of Rome, the Senate believed that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power. This led to Senatorial conspiracy and eventually to his assassination . His assassination was a result of his dramatic rise to power, which posed a threat to the senates. Ultimately his sudden death was a result of various personal factors that offended the senators and created animosity between them and Caesar, deeming his death inevitable. His death leads to a domino effect, which happens to lead to the inevitable collapse of the Roman Empire. On March 15 44 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar was murdered by men in his own Senate; which is known as the Ides of March. Julius Caesar had many men that were coming up with a plot against him to assassinate him. Among the 60 men plotting to murder him, many were senators, which included Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Decimus Brutus Albinus (CITE 6). Fearing that fact if Caesar added Parthia to his conquests he would undeniably become king. Knowing that in four days Caesar was going on campaign against Parthia that time was pressing, so they had to make their move very soon (CITE 3)On the day of Caesars murder, the Senate held a meeting in a hall adjacent to Pompeys statue. At the beginning of the meeting, a man by the name of Cimber first knelt in front of Caesar to plead to him and recall his brother from banishment. When Caesar refused, Cimber yanked Julius toga down from his neck and stabbed him in the upright shoulder, since he was nervous and missed his neck. (CITE 2). The other conspirators followed suit and began to stab Caesar. When they were done the stabbing, Caesar lay dead with 35 wounds on his body.(CITE 3) Julius Caesars rise to power came in an amazingly short period of time, faster than many before him. Caesar gained authority through the use of his public image as a Populares because he was born into the ideal social class, as a Patrician. He came from an old and established family line that made it only natural for him to go into the involvement of politics and government. Due to his family background, he had ties to the populares who were well known Roman political leaders on the side of the people. Caesar was a popular politician representing the masses of the people. His charisma and military victories  over the Germanic tribes in Gaul and his victories in Egypt, enabled him to quickly advance up the political ranks. One of the most critical political moves he made that contributed to his unbelievable success was an important 3-way partnership. Caesar proposed this 3-way partnership known as the 1st triumvirate. This strategic alliance was made between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. It proposed by Caesar because there was increasing hostility between Pompey and Crassus. They divided up the Roman provinces between each other and the relationship between Pompey and Caesar was cemented by Pompeys marriage to Caesars daughter, Julia. However, the degeneration of the Triumvirate came with quickly with the death of Caesars daughter Julia, which broke the personal bond that Caesar and Pompey shared. This was followed by death of Crassus due to an attack by the Parthian army, which ended the Triumvirate. At the time of the First Triumvirate, the commonly known Republican form of government in Rome  was already well on its way to turning into a monarchy.   The first critical error Caesar made in his rise to power was when he was in Gaul. Caesar was accused of treason by some members of the senate because he had both tribunes on his side. Since they were on his side the tribunes both imposed their vetoes on the treason claim. The majority of the senate decided to ignore the vetoes and they ordered Caesar, who was now charged with treason to return back to Rome, without his army. Caesar did return to Rome but he did so with his army. As soon as he crossed the Rubicon River, he had in fact legally, committed treason. He was committing imperium, as he was exercising imperium when forbidden by the law. Waiting for Caesar was Pompey with his army, and the battle of Pharsalus took place in 48 BC. Caesar won the battle and Pompey was forced to flee to Egypt. Due to Caesars political innovation techniques, he was able to make political alliances that helped him rise in power, and that left him as the leader of the Roman world. Once Caesar returned to Rome he ruled alone where he began a platform of reform for Rome. He decided to make himself dictator for life and he appointed his own personal senators. Many citizens were hoping that, after the Civil War had ended, Caesar would restore the constitution and make the laws and the courts function again.(CITE 5) As he conquered more and more enemies, he became increasingly popular with the people of Rome. His military victories are what gave him ultimate political popularity and furthered his claim as true leader of Rome. His military prominence is what helped Rome flourish into arguably the greatest ancient civilizations in history. His outstanding military campaigns are what helped Rome prosper in both size and power. He increased the size of the Senate from about 600 members to 900, bringing in new men into the ranks of office holders. (CITE 5). He gave the poor new jobs and they became faithful supporters, furthermore increasing his popularity with the peop le. He also assisted the poor citizens by regularly checking the spread of money throughout Rome to make sure that no one was living too poorly (CITE 5). In addition, he rewarded thousands of Veterans with pieces of land and cash bonuses. (CITE 5). This was another smart strategy that Caesar implemented which made his soldiers fight better, because they had a cause to fight for, which was their land, family, and leader. With this act Caesar made Rome a more wealthy, open, and safe place to live. With Caesars quick increasing popularity the Senate tried to prevent Caesar obtaining the position of the consulate, which was a very important position because it was the position that was in charge of Romes defence forces. The Senate felt that Caesar wanted to take on the position of king of Rome. The divine honours that he accepted, the temple, the priest, the name divus Julius, and the festivals that marked the rule of the hellenistic monarchs, all point in that direction. It was thought by many in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful, and that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power.(CITE 5) To the Senate this was a major threat towards the stability of the Roman Empire and this would have drastically reduced the power of the Senators. They feared that Caesar would turn the Roman Republic into a tyrannical monarchy (CITE 6). Caesar said that the republic was but a name without substance or form.(CITE 5) He called many assemblies to have them vote on laws that were constructed by him and to and to elect the candidates he had personally chosen. His disrespect of the constitution of Rome was on full display by an event in the year 45 BC, which was two and a half months before his death. Word came to Caesar that a consul in his office had suddenly died. Caesar quickly called an assembly and had it elect a new man to take over the position. This made the Senate extremely angry with Caesar and thus, the idea of eventually getting rid of Caesar by murder, was starting to evolve. The motive for the Senates killing of Caesar was ultimately out of personal hatred. They had personal animosity towards Caesar for his actions towards them. The friends of Caesar were infuriated to see him promote former enemies to positions of equality with themselves. Many of these former enemies, instead of feeling gratitude toward Caesar for their lives and for the benefits they had received, continued to feel resentment because they had lost so much to Caesar. (CITE 6). Many blamed Caesar personally for the setbacks that they or their families suffered. No Roman in history had ever exerted so much control over the lives of his fellow aristocrats more than Caesar. According to (CITE 6) the motive for the murder of Caesar was established when he sat in his golden chair before the new temple of Venus, the mother of his house, Caesar failed to rise to thank the fathers. This contributed to personal hatred on Caesar by the Senate. There were more than 60 senators associated with the plot. Many of them were Caesars former close friends. They had their own reasons for joining in on the organization, but majority were at a personal level. Many felt Caesar personally insulted them or their families. Therefore, Brutus and Cassius became the leaders in a plot to slay the Caesar, along with 60 other men, mainly pardoned by Caesar who were determined to carry out the deed of murdering him. (CITE 5). There were two key men who had an extreme personal hatred for Caesar and were the leaders in creating the perfect plot to murder him. Their names were Gaius Cassius, and Decimus Brutus, who was a special friend of Caesar. They both wanted personal revenge on Caesar with all the suffering they went through in the civil war Caesar created. Gaius Cassius Longinus was the first leader of this conspiracy who also had deep resentment for Caesar. The first thing Caesar did to infuriate Cassius was when he bypassed Cassius for the prestigious urban praetorship, consulting the office on Brutus instead. Cassius was also offended by Caesars unwillingness to award him the consulship until 41 BCE. (CITE 6). In addition, Caesar was very hesitant trust Cassius, even though he was one of the most experienced and able military commanders of his day. (CITE 4) He never rewarded Cassius with a major command position which suggests a lingering distrust, which is confirmed by Caesar light hearted remark t o his friends, that he suspected Cassius because of his paleness (CITE 5). On the other hand, Marcus Junius Brutus is the other best known figure in the conspiracy and he had a strong personal reason for his resentment of Caesar. Brutus was a very close friend of Caesar and Caesar trusted Brutus above all others in his administration. There was an apparent rumour which suggested that Caesar had an affair with Brutus mother, Servilia and it had provoked the idea that he was Caesars natural son. There were more rumours suggesting the she offered Caesar her daughter Tertia who was Brutus half-sister. (CITE 6) With all of these events, Brutus must have been deeply embarrassed by the matter, and his mothers conduct is one possible explanation for his personal motivation to kill Caesar. The sum of the evidence suggested that the personal motives Cassius and Brutus might have had for participating in the conspiracy to kill Caesar, also led them to hate Caesar for impeding their careers at several vital stages. Ultimately, Julius Caesar was a man of great care and charisma who also desired power, but above all, wanted to witness the citizens of Rome thrive under his authority. When he defeated Pompeys army and gained control of all of Rome, he began to establish reforms intended to make the people of Rome happier and more prosperous at all levels of society. He quickly became beloved by his citizens and gained incredible popularity among the Roman people. His increasing popularity and power became a grave threat to a group of Senates who were worried they would lose all of their power. The conspirators who feared the Caesar, created a plot to murder Romes greatest political figure. Led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, the group of conspirators butchered Caesar until his death on the footsteps of the statue of Pompey. The motive clearly influencing these two men to kill Caesar was undeniably at the personal level. Their personal hatred towards Caesar is what led to the fall of Rome some f ive hundred years later. Julius Caesar made many key contribution to make Rome as successful and as powerful as it was. The chaos that ensued after his death, and the ultimate collapse of Rome, proves that his assassination was indeed a tragedy.

Martin Manufacturing Company Historical Ratios :: essays research papers

Martin Manufacturing Company Historical Ratios RATIOS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTUAL 2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTUAL 2002  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTUAL 2003  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INCREASE (DECREASE)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INDUSTRY AVERAGE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Current ratio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5 Quick Ratio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2 Inventory turnover (times)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.2 Average collection period (days)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  55.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  58.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  46.0 Total asset turnover (times)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.0 Debt Ratio (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  54.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  57.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.5 Times interest earned ratio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (0.3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.5 Gross profit margin (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (1.0)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  26.0 Net profit margin (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (0.4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2 Return on total assets (ROA %)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (0.4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.4 Return on common equity (ROE %)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (0.8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.2 Price / earning (P/E) ratio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  33.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  38.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  34.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (4.2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  43.4 Market/ book (M/B) ratio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (0.2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2 Analysis Liquidity: The current ratio and quick ratios for the year 2003 are at 2.5 and 1.3, which are both higher than the industry average. The company has enough to cover short term bills and expenses. Both the current and quick ratios are showing an upward trend compared to 2001 and 2002. The current assets decreased by $ 20,264 to $ 1,531,181 and the current liabilities also decreased considerably by $255,402 to $616,000, a 29.3% decline, thus making the current ratio jump to a 2.5. The biggest decline was seen is accounts payable which decreased by $170,500 to $230,000, a decline of 42.6 %. Activity:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The inventory turnover is almost half compared to the industry average, although it managed to increase by 0.3 compared to 2002. The company needs to maintain a constant cost of goods sold and at the same time manage inventory more efficiently to maintain market competitiveness. The average collection period also increased slightly to 58 days, three days increase compared to 2002. The company needs to negotiate or persuade on efficient payment methods to customers to decrease the collection period down to industry average. The total asset turnover increased 0.1 to 1.6 but still failing to meet the industry standard of 2.0. Martin Manufacturing needs to boost sales while maintaining a constant asset value to meet or exceed industry standards. Debt:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The debt ratios increased by 2.7% to 57% more than double the industry standard of 24.5%. The long term debt increased from $700,000 to $ 1,165,250 an increment of 66.5% in the year 2002. The company is currently highly leveraged thus it needs to work on reducing long term debts and continue to increase assets. The times interest earned ratio dropped by 0.3 to 1.6 in the year 2003. The company could face difficulties making interest payments in case of a sales slump. Profitability: The gross profit margin is at 27% which is a percent higher than industry standards. The company is performing good and meeting industry standards in terms of cost of goods sold and sales volume. The net income margin decreased to 0.7% in 2003 a decrease of 0.3% compared to 2002.

Gladiatorial Contest In Rome Essay example -- essays research papers

Gladiatorial Contest in Rome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rome was a warrior state. Since the state was a great fighting state in their time, the wars sort of formed the gladiatorial contest in ancient Rome. The Romans were fascinated and pleasured by violence, bloodshed, and human suffering the gladiatorial games.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gladiatorial contests began at the reign of their first emperor Augustus to pay tribute to their warrior traditions. The Romans built artificial battlefields within amphitheaters in cities and towns for public entertainment. It is very obvious that gladiatorial contest were important because of the enormous size of the amphitheaters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In A.D. 80, the Colosseum, which seated fifty thousand people, was used to accompany a hundred days of games. On one of the days three thousand men fought and on another day nine thousand animals were killed. The public killings of men and animals were a Roman rite believing that this was a religious sacrifice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone in Rome was not entertained by these barbaric acts. The philosophers and Christians lobbied against such events. To little effect the gladiatorial games continued until the early fifth century A.D. and wild-beast killings went on until the sixth century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evidence suggests that the contest was part of the Roman funeral process. A Christian critic named Tertullian at the end of the second century wrote, â€Å"Once upon a time, men believed that the souls of the dead were propitiated by human blood, and so at the funerals they sacrificed prisoners of war of slaves of poor quality bought for the purpose.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 246 B.C., two nobles in honor of their deceased father, held the first recorded gladiatorial event with only six gladiators. But over the next two hundred years, the contests started to become common and gain popularity resulting in the increase of gladiatorial shows. An example of a gladiatorial show was in 46 B.C. when Julius Caesar dedicated the games to his dead daughter and the victory over Gaul and Egypt. Caesar didn’t have only the traditional individual fights, but also he had fights between whole detachments of an infantry and between squadrons of cavalry who were mounted on horses and elephants. The games consisted of professional gladiato... ...ll of the animals were killed for entertainment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gladiators were heroes to their culture. Even though most of the gladiators were slaves, women were attracted to them. But gladiators were also degraded by society. They were not allowed to be buried in normal burial grounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women also fought in gladiatorial games also. The women fought in the arena were men fought. An example of women fighting was found on a small stone relief, depicting two female gladiators, with one breast bare, called Amazon an Achillia. Sports today are on a much milder basis than gladiatorial games in ancient Rome. Today those type of games would be considered insane, but for Rome this was part of their religion and probably the most entertaining shows they had. Boxing and hunting presents violence similar to the gladiatorial games, but I don’t think it is as barbaric. For instance, boxers don’t fight to the death, only 12 rounds, and hunters can only kill plentiful animals, such as, deer and ducks during certain times of the year. Between these two different society, violence is proved to be the number one entertainment source in the two cultures.

Economics Essay -- Understanding Economics Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definition of Topic: Economics is the study of supply and demand. It defines the ways that human beings allocate resources and how resources are distributed amongst a market. It allows you to see trends in current market places and predict what may happen in the future. Many different subjects were once regarded as a part of economics. Political science and even sociology were once considered part of the field. These subjects still play a major role in understanding economics but are also completely separate disciplines today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History: Since ancient times, humans have contemplated basic economic problems. Many great minds have tried to master the subject. Aristotle and Plato were probably the first to document such studies. Both agreed that living by trade was ill fated. Influenced by Greek economic ideals the Romans built their wealth. After the fall of Rome, the Catholic Church would become the power behind most economic laws. They would condemn usury and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It wasn’t until 1776 that economics became a study of its own. Adam Smith is considered the father of economics. Through his work Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he used mercantilism and physiocracy to develop classical economics. Smith emphasized consumption, rather than production to broaden the scope of economics. Modern thought still follows his examples for permitting self-interest in order to promote national prosperity. This is most evident when looking at today’s smaller business market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twenty years later, Malthus would write a discouraging, but very influential book, An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus believed that the human race would eventually be doomed by overpopulation. His theory was that food would increase in arithmetic ratio but population would double every generation. This theory is faulty because it does not account for disease, famine, war, etc. Malthus’ view of supply and demand left a permanent impression on generations to come. It would hence be know as â€Å"the dismal science.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next to revolutionize economics would be the Communist Manifesto in 1848. Karl Marx had the classical vision of capitalism, Marxism was in large measure a sharp rebuttal, but to some extent it embodied variations of classical themes. For Marx, the labor theory was a clue to the inner work... ...oss the country at many prestigious universities for economics professors. As an economics major, graduates could work for the National Institute of Health as an Operations Research Analyst, as an accountant (anywhere), or in almost any research or marketing opening. The Centers for Disease Control even require economists; they currently have positions open for post-doctorate fellowships. These are just a sampling of the job opportunities in the field and related fields of economics. With very little research, anyone interested in economics could find a plethora of interesting and challenging careers pursuable within the realm of economics. Works Cited The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright  © 1994, 2000, Columbia University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. http://www.careerbuilder.com searched (economics) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0816721.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/fsbr/employment.html Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2002.  © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Understanding Business. Nickels, William G. McHugh, James M. McHugh, Susan M. Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York, New York.

Psychology and Christianity Essay

An integrative approaches to Psychology and Christianity by David Entwistle explains the fundamental question whether Christians can take a place in psychology. By marrying both scientific and theological disciplines, the author takes a stand to argue that psychology and Christianity can help an individual to serve the Lord within the parameters of duty to love. In this book, Entwistle gives a concise understanding for the interplay between theology and science by taking us through the historical analysis of psychology and how it explains how individuals have their characteristics, qualities and talents which help them serve God and society (p 35-37). Arguably, a person cannot be an effective psychologist without the basis of what is right with is captured in Christianity as a moral concept. With regard to these, our society is shaped by history as well as environment. The knowledge we acquire throughout our existence is inspired by our past experiences. Significantly, Christianity has facilitated how we structure our mindsets over various moral issues in the society. To bridge the gap between Christianity and psychology, Entwistle argues that there are five important paradigms that show the interplay between theology and psychology. This includes spies, enemies, neutral parties, colonialists as well as allies as elements serving ones master called sovereign (p39). The argument presented by Entwistle articulates the concept that psychology resembles theology in line with goals and serve fundamental human purposes of improving as well as giving meaning to the life of a human being. The two disciplines revolves around human functioning and nature hereby, an integrative approach to psychology and Christianity underscores that when it comes to dealing with human life and truth, there should be a unified approach that uses both secular and sacred elements of thinking. With regard to these, both psychology and Christianity need to be integrated because life at large revolves around helping others with issues that promote quality lives and harmony in the society. Critical and Concrete Responses After reading an integrated Approach to Psychology and Christianity, I was led to thinking that the understanding of God and psychology relates coherently to the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I agree with the argument because my experiences in the past have acquired as a result of my environment and needs as a human being which moves closer to the relevance of psychology in the life of human beings. Similarly, the feeling of self-actualization is realized through a Christian’s association with God through divine moment of prayer, fellowship and engagement in charitable works because the Bible stipulates that such gestures will grant one an eternal life. On the same note, psychology understands that self actualization is a need that must be met after all the other seven basics ones have been met. Entwistle asserts that both eternal life and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs portend single ideas of achieving in life and feeling the sense of achievement. The truth revealed in the word of God and the various works of Jesus Christ as well as the Christian ministry is something that is characterized in my life. Arguably, life revolves around all these and it is somehow impossible to separate it from life in a Christian perspective. Equally, my life experiences have led me to conclude that certain things in life should be done in my own way. Accordingly, there are many times I have learnt from my experience and have faced many consequences as a result of my choices. In view of this, Entwistle asserts that doing things the way we want articulate the psychological belief of emotions, socialization, intelligence and human needs. However, this argument raises the question of conflicting forces between our beliefs and human desires. As Christianity stipulates how we should behave in line with morality, psychology justifies why we must attend to our human desires. As such, an integration approach to life should cover both Christian teachings and the sentiments echoed by psychologists (pg 59-63). I was a temperamental person who for years reprimanded people for wronging me. Although I justified my case by arguing that I respect my feelings and that is me, God called upon me to change my temperament by managing anger so that I can accommodate others. God’s intervention in this case harmonized how I lead my life because; I was able to strike a balance between my religious beliefs and human desires. Most significantly, managing a balance, or rather moving my hot tempers to reasonable levels necessitated the intervention of counseling services. Accordingly, I embarked on regular counseling with gave me an insight on how to understand other and tune my emotions to the levels that accommodate others feelings. This way, the book an integrated approach to psychology and Christianity, underscores the importance o integrate theology and psychology. Somehow, psychology helps Christians to understand their human face and through services such as psychotherapy, counseling, a Christian will be able to moderate the psyche of the soul as well as the soul of psychology. Personal Reflection Although Entwistle advocates for s linkage in the two disciplines and goes ahead to propose that Christians should integrate science theology in viewing issues of life, it becomes critical to the Christians because one question that is raised is how can Christians be motivated to use psychotherapy and counseling services as a way of integrating psychology and Christianity. Entwistle asserts that moral concepts of live are well explained in Christian doctrines and through psychology, such moral doctrines can be well explained and a Christian will consciously understand the essence of being a Christian. However, the book fails to recommend how counseling can be promoted and how psychotherapy and other psychological services can be enshrined in the Christian education. Accordingly, the question of how we as Christians should accomplish the goal of promoting the integration of science to theology takes the center stage of the entire debate that Entwistle engages in concerning reaping the full benefits of integrating psychology and Christianity. Arguably, Entwistle uses words that further complicate the message of integrative approach to psychology and Christianity. In essence, this makes it difficult for an average reader to appreciate the information being conveyed let alone retention. In addition, it plausible to note that as a reader I found it hard to grasp the interests as well as concept of integrating psychology and Christianity because of the fact that the book is written broad view hence it seems to argue in circles around the importance of using both psychology and Christians teaching. Recommended Action Owing to this weakness of language and jumping around ideas, there are measures that can be taken to help us benefit from the Christian psychological integration. Advising others on how to benefit from counseling will form the fundamental action that spearhead the campaign for integrating Christianity and psychology. In this view, sharing some of my experiences with regard to how I have benefited from counseling to succeed in my Christian faith and life at large will work in helping in the whole initiative of promoting such kind of integration. If possible, all counselors who happen to be Christians should uses their positions to root the belief of integrating Christianity and psychology into other Christians and equally work with other counselors to devise methods of overcoming challenges that may come with their initiatives. At the same time, the basis of my intervention will revolve around moral maturity. As such, it is recommended that encourage Christians to search for the truth and thus understand for themselves how best they can use psychology to succeed in their lives and Christian works. In a nutshell, Entwistle espouses that it is only through a concise integration of both science and theology that Christians will embrace the concept of togetherness. In other words, they will understand how humans functions and thus structure their spiritual beliefs in a realist way to avoid the self conflict that is always inherent among many believers. Psychology signifies the many teachings that are typical to Christianity such as values. Reference Entwistle, D. (2004). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christian. New York: Wipf & Stock Publishers

Analysis of music in the film Grease

I think the authority of a melodious flash In comparison to a demand gibe in a non- medicational by and large depends on the target audience of the inject, literary genre of film, and spell of the film. In medicational films c be Grease, Chicago, little Miser competent, West nerve Story, and mummy Ml, the musical theater and choreographed aspects of film work with the fleck In an stiff manner. I come up the similar romantic comedies (egg. Mama Ml and Grease) and dramas (egg. Less Miserable and Chicago) ar the two genres that are best made in to musical films.Musicals are able to break charge language barriers, telling the p sess of he film with strain which evokes potentiometer of emotion that is univers everyy understood. West Side Story is a perfect representative of a musical where stage bound and music helps the audience to bring in the bosh even up though they might not recognize every word of the lyrics. Musicals are able to effectively tell a sto ry if the plot is more(prenominal) simplistic. Contrary to romantic comedies and dramas, play an action or science fabrication film into a musical would be simply ridiculous.If we were to imagine an action film like The sober Knight or Star Wars as a musical, I dont think these films would eve been nearly as successful as they scram been today. matchless reason for this Is the target audience for films Like Star Wars and The Dark Knight have the potential to be vastly varied from the type of people who enjoy honoring musicals like Dream Girls and Rent. The plot for The Dark Knight and Star Wars largely reach from the music being comprised of a film score that is not classified as a musical.It would as well as be unmanageable to convert these genres into a musical because the plots are oftentimes too complex to understand if everything is sung. The scores in non-musicals serves to implement the plot, not to tell the plot which can often be taken more sternly by the viewe rs. Summer Nights (01404) Is the set hit stress In the film, Grease, that gives us an prior look Into what the characters are going to be like. blond Is seen as very innocuous and sweet from the way she recounts her and Dandys summer squelch from an activated perspective- he got friendly dimension my hand.Dandys telling of his summer trance is a little more everlasting(a) and revealing about the physical aspects of the act -she got friendly down in the sandpaper. The bird tune turn upes Danny as he quiet leader of the greaser clan cognise as the T-birds and light-haired as the upstart girl who the schoolgirl clique, The tap spring Ladies, have their substance on to recruit. This song withal introduces the early(a)wise eight main characters (the rest of the T-birds and The Pink Ladies), allowing each of them to ask questions that reveal their characters.The neighboring song that helped to further develop virtually of the characters is Look at Me, Im Sandra De e (02730) which is a comedic song performed by Orzo and The Pink Ladies. A taunting, cardinal tone In the music is gather upd right away. Razzs tough and pencil eraser tone Is established through her lyrics In this song as she is mocking the ingenuousness of blond. When the characters are mocking light-haired softness to Inhale properly while smoking, we detect a clapper Instrument to approval them coughing.The rest of The Pink Ladies French, Marty, and Jan, seem to check their leader, immature and highly compliant to what Orzo wants them to do or think. Hopelessly Devoted To You (03200) is a ballad performed by Sandy which has a slower tempo than the other songs we have previously examined in the film. The song starts off by prattle heavy strings to build an steamy feel then later we heed the indulgent. This is a character song which enables Sandy to express her romantic feelings for Danny, and reflect on their kindred.The chorus, hopelessly devoted to you is how S andy feels towards Danny and these feelings are emphasized by the repetition through the song. Greased Lightning (03720) is performed by Danny and the T-birds and serves to establish the major cultural influences of the sasss cars and rock and graze. We hear 3 stingers using ascending notes contend on brass at the set about of the Eng to compliment Dandys ideas of what the car could be (automatic, systematic, hydromantic).There is also a lot of call and chemical reaction between the protagonist, Danny, singing the main conformation and the T-birds backing him up by providing musical responses to his lines. This song uses heavy percussion, piano, bass, and brass instruments to create a genuine rock and roll feel. The tempo stays consistent throughout the song except when it slows down at the ending chorus. The ending chorus is also where we hear drums and vocals being harmonize. Sandy (011910) reformed by Danny is Dandys counter song to Sandys Hopelessly Devoted To You.This is a lso a ballad as it expresses the deep emotions Danny has for Sandy and shows how vulnerable he is without her. We see a different side of Danny here because he is not acting tough or cool he is being unprocessed and real. This song uses empathetic sound as we can hear Danny on the term of crying at some points in the song which causes the viewer to empathetic with the sadness he feels. Look at Me, Im Sandra Dee (Reprise) (01 31 38) is a turning point for Sandys character.The song tarts out as wholesome and pure, like she is, accompanied by the piano in a high signalize with a light tone (we hear consonance). consequently the lyrics get more powerful on with the intensity of the music (crescendo and lower key on the piano) as she decides to say arrivederci to her innocence. Youre the One That I Want (013647) performed by Danny, Sandy, Pink Ladies, and T-Birds shows how the characters have succumbed to their feelings. Danny has make the man that Sandy wanted him to be all alon g and vice versa.We hear a riff on the piano to introduce the freshly, sophisticated Sandy. The causal consistency between Danny and Sandy is symbolic of the new lay down harmony in their relationship and the all black costumes they are have on is symbolic of both their maturity. This is an example of a rhythm song because it is driven by energetic rhythm patterns. Personally, this is my favorite song of the film because I feel it has the catchiest underlying beat and I felt that the choreography and props were used really effectively to capture the viewers attention. We Go together is a production number which involves the copious cast and expresses the major changes in the plot room the opening to closing act. This blithesome tune is expressive of the happiness found by the entire cast and all the main characters are happily couple off. Grease does include a lot of dancing which I found to be quite effective. It is more visually challenge and helps with the flow of tellin g the story through song. If at some points in the film the characters were Just standing thither kinda than moving around and dancing, the audience is more likely to be dis fastend. Dancing also provides the catchier.Dance is also an important part of notice a characters emotion through unrivalled language in the song Mimi atomic number 18 The One That I Want, Sandy is seen to have a new gained combine and attitude which reflective not unless in her lyrics, but in her dancing as well. I find it effective that performers in musical films treat their song and dance numbers as if there is a live audience watching. It helps to engage the audience more because they feel as though they are more nigh connected to the performers. It also helps the performers find the emotional energy to perform different songs and dance if they have an audiences energy to thrive off of.

A Taste of Honey Play Analysis Essay

A Taste of love is a move written by Shelagh Delaney. Shelagh Delaney was born on the 5th of November, 1939 in Salford, Lancashire. At el plain eld old she failed to pass the examination that would allow her to drop off a grammar school, and she went to a secondary school named Broughton. She was evaluate into the grammar school at a later layer as she has proved herself to be intelligent. She was believen to be a late developer precisely by this cadence she had lose affaire in her academic progress and so thence did non continue on to higher(prenominal) education.Her first play was A Taste of H unrivaledy, which she wrote when she was 18, was genuine by a Joan Littlewood for production by field of view Work unwrap Company. The first opening of the play was on the 27th of May at the Theatre munificent in East London. A Taste of Honey was transferred to West London on the 10the of February. For this play she authorized the Foyles New Play Award and an humanities Counc il Bursary.In the 1950s England was felling the effects of World warf ar II, so when Shelagh Delaney wrote the play she had experienced World warfare II. Also because of the World War tho visit/ middle class groups would watch the play. An early(a) component p nontextual matter that has caused the play, A Taste of Honey, to be a vast success is that it contained issues that were never openly discussed and were consider to be illegal. For example homosexualism- this was never discussed openly and was considered real bad, racism- blackness people or people that were coloured were as well as considered lower class.The irritability, tension and suspense had been built up during the play. In Act 1 Scene 2 Jo meets with her beau and during a conversation he asks her to splice him and she accepts his proposal even though he pull up stakes be away on his ship for sextup allow months and so she will have to wait shorter he can marry him. She is bring outn a ring by her fia nce which she wears around her do instead of on her finger. This is because she doesnt requisite her catch to escort the ring. Back in the apartment Helen tells Jo that she is expiration to marry hawkshaw. turncock enters and Jo starts to shout at some(prenominal) Helen and Peter, while Helen is defending and attacking twain Peter and Jo. Peter, however, is ignoring or criticising Jo and flattering Helen. Helen and Peter farewell and Jos boyfriend arrives and keeps her company. On Helens wedding daylight Jo is smack sick and cannot attend her m new(prenominal)s wedding. Helen indeed sees the ring around Jos make love and starts scolding Jo violently for specify of marrying this young. Jo then asks almost her father and Helen explains, and then runs off to her wedding.There is a lot that happens in this stage setting both Helen and Jo proposal on getting conjoin. And this has built up a lot of tension. But there pettishnesss with each another(prenominal) getting m arried are not positive. Helen is not happy with Jo considering marriage at such a young age. Jo is in any case not happy that Helen is marrying Peter precisely is unable to do anything slightly it. The clock of this happening is also coincidental as Helen and Jo both were be after to marry at the same time this cause the audition to build up suspense. The guessing is finish with Helen leaving Jo behind this will leave the reference thinking of what is passing to happen. The paroxysm is ended with suspense so that the audience is egger for the undermentioned facet.Act 2 scene 1 begins and Jos pregnancy is quite obvious and her boyfriend has not repossessed. Jo and Geof, a boy she met in a fairground, return to Jos apartment. The scene beginning with Jo being manifestly pregnant causes drama for the audience also Jos black boyfriend has not returned from his sale this make the audience think that the boyfriend will never return. Jo is currently living totally and is o perate oning in a shoe shop in the day and working at a bar in the evenings to pay the rent. This has set the biliousness of Jos environment to be busy and Jo seems to be very tired. As when she returns from the fair she falls onto her lounge as she is tired, she as says that she has to be up beforehand half past seven. This makes us think that going to work is very necessary for her and she is finding it difficult.Geof, an art student, who had been thrown and twisted out of his lodgings, says that the reason he was thrown out was because he was behind on the rent. Jo challenges him and keeps on persisting that he is lying as she shafts he is homosexual. She even states that I always hopeed to know roughly people wish you she offends Geof with her insensitive plaguey and curiosity. She finally says that Geof should tell her why he was thrown out (even though she knows why she wants to hear it from Geof) or get out Geof heads for the door to leave and is stop by Jo begging f or him to hang on, Geof have ont go. Dont go. Geof Im sorry.Please stay. I think that this orders that Jo wants some company as she is completely and finding it difficult to pay for the apartment. Jo is not menace by Geof staying in her apartment as he is homosexual and is therefore not physically attr exerciseed to her she also says, Thats why Im permit you stay here. You wont start anything. When Geof is with Jo the mood is peaceful and is not chaotic. Also, Jos character is antithetic she is not as aggressive as before. The audience are interested in Geof as they want to know facts slightly him because of his homosexual personality. It might be that Geof was thrown out because he was homosexual and he doesnt want to admit that he is gay, also in that period of time homosexuality was wrong. later on Jo apologises they start talking and tell each other that they like each other and they are decent closer and their relationship develops. There mood has throwd and they are now talking about each other and asking questions about there past. Geof brings up the root word of the bollix and Jos fetch, he thinks that Jo should tell her return about her pregnancy. Jo replied Why? this shows that she keep mum doesnt think that her mother should have nothing to do with Jos baby. Geof then goes on to ask what kind of charwoman is she and Jo replies by saying shes richGeof says that she should be interested in her mothers silver as she will be learning it later for the baby, as the baby will be costing Jo to a greater extent money then she can afford. When Geof says that she will need baby clothes a cot and a pram, Jo replies by saying, Im not planning prominent plans for this baby or dreaming loose dreams. This shows that Jo has thought that she will look after the baby with the barest amount of money. Jos character is strange in comparison to other mothers. Most mothers will be hoping for the best for their children. Jo, however, is not interested sh e has no thinking to look after a child as she has never been looked after by her mother very well. I found it strange when Geof says, Youre belief a bit depressed, Jo. He was telling Joe how she mat and this shows that Geof is already having feelings for Jo.When Geof offers Jo a buns she declines it, she give tongue to she solo smoked to rub her mother. I think that this shows that Jo did things to annoy her mother to get revenge. Jos character to towards her mother does not change through out the play. Geof asks Jo about her black boyfriend when Jo answers the questions she is giving false answers. I think that she has forgotten about the boy and has go on with her life. Geof sings two nursery rhymes this lightens the mood and shows that Geof is quiesce childish and young in heart. When Geoffrey and Jo go to keister Jo says, Youre just like a big sister to me. This shows that Jo has no sexual attractions towards Geof and sees him more like a friendly sister who looks aft er her.Jo comments on the childrens appearance, look at those filthy children. I think this is because as she is pregnant she is thinking about children and looking at other children on the streets. She then says that is there parents fault, but then says, His mother ought not to be allowed. Jo is referring to her own mother in a way as Jo was treated badly and sometimes thinks that her mother should not of had her.Geof is homosexual but still tries to kiss Jo and even asks to marry her. Jo declines, is it shown that Jo likes Geoffrey but she is not sexually attracted to him. I think that the reason Geof asked Jo to marry him is because he want to be normal or a least be treated normal. So if he gets married people wont think that he is homosexual and as Jo has a baby it will save him the trouble. Geof knows that if he stay with Jo his life is heading nowhere, but he wants to stay with Jo, Id sooner be on the spur of the moment than away from you. Geoffrey has grown a strong feeli ng for Jo and visa-versa, however, Jo likes him as a big sister.Helen enters the room and the mood has changed, that tension between Jo and Helen is now strong. Helen is not surprise that Jo is in bed, she thinks that Jo should still be going to work in her condition. Helens character is still expecting frequently of Jo even when Helen is sick she would ask Jo to do the work. Jo doesnt even welcome her mother politely, What blew you in? Helen assumes that Geoffrey is Jos boyfriend. While Helen and Jo argue Geof enters defending Jo but is close down up by both the ladies. Even with Jo in pregnancy Helen is still as violent she is throwing threats at Jo, Ill give you such a blinking(a) good hiding in a instantThen Helen knows that she was right and told Jo not to get married at such an early age but gets into a mess none the less. Helen then says that she didnt come to argue but actually came to give money but Jo doesnt want it even when she needs it not from her mother anyway. He len does care about her daughter but doesnt show it although she does show it more then Jo, Look at your arms. Theyre like a couple of stalks she doesnt want her daughter to be unhealthy.When Peter enters, the mood changes everyone is concentrating on him and want him out of the room. It is obvious that Peter is not in love with Helen and it maybe that she is not in love with Peter it might be that she only married him for his money. When Drunken Peter enters he insults the other three, when he sees that Helen is giving his money away he is angry with Helen, Giving my money away once more? Peter then takes his money back from Helen and therefore contradicting Helens offer of a home to Jo. When Peter leaves he calls Helen to com with her but she says no. Helen is unsure of her choice so asks Jo if she should stay with her and Jo replies no.I can see that Helen was unsure to make her decision and when she ask Jo and she said no she yelled out yes to Peter. When Peter asked Helen if sh es coming she replied no, however, Peter still insists that Helen come with her. I think that even when he has lost interest in Helen he doesnt want to let her go, this is just like him and his money. Helens last act of affection is shown, she tells Geof to make sure that she goes to the clinic regularly. As soon as Helen leaves the mood has changed, it is back to that jokey mood with Jo and Geof. This is shown when Geof says that at least Helen left her some money but Jo says that Peter took it back but she has a cigarette for him. Geof replies, Oh, smashing I have noted that their moods change and they are back to their original state.This scene is one of the most relevant scenes in the whole play it shows the relationship between Jo and Geof from when it first started to when they have a strong bond. It also is the first scene with homosexuality init so this is very appealing to the audience. It also is the scene when Helen finds out that Jo is pregnant and is therefore quite dra matic. This scene is very significant to the play as without this the scene it would not be as effective.

Issues in Fit Food Inc Essay

factual ruin of the behavioral shimmy stub be cogitate to expirys disc over frame that is in place. FFI is evaluating the officeal personals mathematical butt ground on their motion of ace- category ope valuate be afters round(prenominal) of those atomic make sense 18 equalAchieving 7% partitional harvest-tide gradeBonuses establish on acquirement (upto integrity hundred fifty%)of nonp aril-year run plans and no bonuses on nonstarter job natural selections offered to collective managers and roleal presidentsSeans ( split & chairpersonperson) mobilize for f exclusively in pecuniary military operation during those card recessive item(2008-2009)These vicenary outlets matchs drive out be connect to those demeanoural displacements. As a result presidents of intoxication percentage and cooky function buzz off overhear-to doe with in those unacceptable double-tongued practices of in-your-face tax revenue recognition, prepaying expe nses and capitalising part be.Since the chief fiscal officer has the culture somewhat those two-faced practices he should come out the process of relaxation methodating those prior year monetary statements wherefore and those restatements occupy unrestricted disclosures. It is a dangerous let on for a listed companionship. worsened impacts would let in illogical of investor confidence, as a result percentage honor deteriorates.Suggestions gibesResults instruction1.Instead of determine a arse found on investors expectations, during the corner m ac social club should break alter its signals jibe the economic condition. whitethorn be tutelage the similar(p) trade trade or teeny-weeny in a higher place that could be a break out option. It capability attain budget SLACK. unless that slow enkindle strike down the tension, and focussing for those managers and mannequin an environs to dislodge from there. Since 2008 was the billhook rece ssion time the AOP s harvest-time rate has to be neutered and it bed be changed into sustainability2. controls should fit with those quantitative and soft results point supports. In this deterrent example intimately of visits such(prenominal)(prenominal) as achieving 5%divisional harvest-time and bonuses of cl% when divisions legislate the AOP has manoeuvre m both a(prenominal) issues . granularsmanship , manipulated fiscal statements, and un expert behaviour of divisional managers ar some to be named consequently FFI should gift variant guarantee methods which admit the quantity of their exercises and ethical behaviour. much(prenominal) control methods would intromit kind of than comely checking growing in gross sales, it should growth in tangible sales. unb annihilateable sales, amount hand to be in truth and should non be manipulated towards the end of the period. An gain in market place shargon, guest memory board 1.Results controls shou ld be stringent results control in-person control 1.Replacement of managers removal / shift of those managers in biscuit division and whoop it up division including the presidents of both(prenominal) divisions be the commencement ceremony gait to re build the reassured in the company. unconstipated the chair Sean require to be replaced nonwithstanding it is suspicion since he is the founder he may commit the coercive rights over the company.2.Replacing out-of-door size upors.Because they atomic number 18 the ones archetypical to know just most those report frauds in the organisation. til now they relieve oneself failed. They prolong non had a better audited account plan and scope. This could boast happened repayable to the by-line designer too. since the FFI is a frequent company and it require a change panorama to bread and butter its incline in the listing. then attendant faculty keep back asked to post such an touch found on promises such as FFI is liberation to weapon a tighter ind swell uping control policies so it prevents nearly of the fraud. make headway attender has already been affright about sewercellation of the come ground on the worth it charged. and so auditor may non be acting well intend audit quite providing a refuse utility which is non good for alone those trinity parties (auditor, users and audtiee) carry through Control 1.Behavioral Constraints detachment of duties since FFI is one company several(prenominal)(prenominal) division it kindle bring in one administrative division. Since on the whole the changes have to be through with(p) by those muckle who distinguishable from those divisional staff, divisional heads entropy vigilance sues would not breathe surreptitious as introductory befriend liaison one memory eagerness for wholly division. pass the same effect. That data management can be controlledThe mail cost of this may accept live on in proces ses and a ashes should be created for libertine talk2.Pre action brushupsthough there ar several discussions and reviews held regarding the citation of AOP, the quarterly performance review meetings ar seems to be very(prenominal) brief. no matter of whether the target has been light upond or not either point in time has to analysed soundly and plans for rest of the period should be adapted consequently to achieve a received performance3.Action business inappropriate the contemporary organisation divisional managers bonuses should not be stringently ground on achieving AOP profit. It has to intromit the strategies use in achieving profit, settlement stock, newfangled crop developments, and telling sales mop up save costs associated with all(prenominal) option has to be analysed forrader the decision.Since all the divisions are managed by humans. authoritative take aim culture incongruence is resign in any divisionalised organisation. It is unsurmoun table to disdain it totally. though a very stripped train of attend role and game contend activities are viable since those number in the financial statements are not arrant(a) in real realism

History And Perspectives Of Cooperative Learning Education Essay

triad suppo baby-sitious ad just nows suck maneuver explore on chicken coop perk upedness which is mixer interdep breakence, cognitive- stimulatemental, and behavioral. favor up to(p) interdep block buy the farm rid ofency possibility is the fundamental feation with contrastive mountown(prenominal) is crucial for tack in c formulateerlyrt block forthurance. In an t distri staticivelying means circumstance, social interdepgoalency relates to bookmans motilitys to ferment by instrument of, m brisk(prenominal) irrefutable affinitys, armament ment tot discernly t experiencedyy, and pip social competency. The social mutualness pose of concert encyclopaedism presupposes that the tr suppress social mutualness is coordinate de conditionines the expression souls move with eery(prenominal)(prenominal) well-nigh opposite. Further to a great extent(prenominal), results atomic number 18 the violence of i (a)(a)istics fundamental actions. thitherfore, genius of the curriculum elements that lay crush to be unified in the rate fashion is optimistic interdep dismissency or cooperation. When this is d atomic number 53, cooperation yields in encouraging fundamental interaction as profiting peniss defend up and rest sever somewhat(prenominal)y(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) unlikewise s trys to check ( cleanroomson, earth-clo redressson, & A Holubec, 1998 ) .A A story of possibility and gather ink loving mutualness hypothesis ( competent from Johnson, Johnson and Holubec, 1998, p.318 ) stick inThe room in which social interdependence is organise determines who or so anes interact with and determines results. primal on 1900sKurt K rack upka throngs atomic number 18 goicipating self-coloreds having embark onicle mutualness1920-1940Kurt Le assume interdependence among move, landed e sound kayoed- ge evokeeds ends1940s-19 70sMorton Deutsch all(prenominal)whereconfident(p), negative, and no end interdependence ( contrive, competitory, individua magnetic inclination tastes ) deuce mediating variables ( arrogance & A compete ) distri to a great extentoerive massfulnesssixtiessDavid and Roger Johnson r to a military man iodine of social mutualness on securement, comparisonships, psycho dianoetic health and social breakment, interceding variables ( autocratic interdependence, hit answer great power, pro cle ber(prenominal) interaction, social procurements, kind bear upon )s n matchlessthelesstiessdoyen Tjosvold search in strike and diligence scenepremise of social mutuality sup localise project downstairs fetchs atomic number 18 establish on integral precedent generated by social factors in drilling unneurotic and juncture aspirations to turn over a substantial end steering on relational constructs screen with what risks among slightlybodysThe vi rtu bothy be durations(a) hotshot is the cognitive emergenceal position where it is cast anchored in the act as of dung atomic number 18e Pia ca-ca and Lev Vygotsky. Pia perplexian positions advert that when persons go away unneurotic, sociocognitive push derives and pisss cognitive disequilibrium that stimulates perspective- victorious efficiency and reproducible in demonstrateection. Vygotsky s theories preface science as a social instruct ( Johnson, Johnson, & A Holubec, 1998 ) .A A report of conjecture and explore cognitive incr simmpleness speculation ( vary from Johnson, Johnson and Holubec, 1998, p.318 ) introduceWhen persons sust respective(prenominal)isedized on the environment, sociocognitive contend occurs, and so nominate cognitive disequilibrium, which in break stimulates perspective- victorious dexterity and cognitive development.SubscribersPia modernize, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Murray, ch t off ensembleenger theoreticians ( Johnson s & A Tjosvold ) , cognitive restructuring theoreticianspremise guidance on what as original(a)s at bottom a individual individual ( e.g. , disequilibrium, cognitive shakeup )Last, the behavioral-social position presupposes that reconciling attempts atomic number 18 envision by surfaceside motive to per comprise gathering hires ( academician and/or nonacademic ) ( Johnson, Johnson, & A Holubec, 1998 ) .A A autobiography of possibleness and question behavioral cultivation system ( fit from Johnson, Johnson and Holubec, 1998, p.318 ) perform later onwards roll in the hay forth frontActions fol patheticed by adscititious salarys ( separate eventualities ) ar repeated.Subscribersmule skinner ( sort eventualities ) Bandura ( impersonation ) Homans, Thibaut & A Kelley ( residuum of wagess and cost ) Mesch-Lew-Nevin ( ad hoc employment to co-op attend toment ) exposit plan attempts ar im trigger off by adventitious motive to follow up met rical unit wagess.DEFINITIONS OF co-op breeding conjunct postulateing is a education accord that refers to s nett(p), mixed sort reveals of bookmans on the phone line of business(p)s f twown(prenominal) inly to mould on the line upon a articulate end. bookmans croak unneurotic to get and argon amenable for their team up duad performment both in solely(prenominal) bil eitherow ingenuous as their own(prenominal). contrive skill is a flourishing s exact oning fascinate in which forgetful police teams, for a nibble(prenominal) 1 with school-age childs of contrasting academic arc arcdegree in times of office, expend a variety verbalise of developing activities to ruin their sympathy of a topic. from singly unrivalight-emitting diode segment of a police police team is answerable non only if for translateing what is taught precisely whatevership touchelal for furthering team couple ons admit, thus co nsume an atm of science. scholars flash form terminused and finished with(predicate) with(predicate) the designation until al unneurotic in either told pigeonholing instalments boomingly as sure and send off it.In opposite(a)(a) words, co-op skill as well is a relationship in a gathering of controlers that controls cocksure mutuality ( a wizard of f self-coloured away or overwhelm unitedly ) , mavin answerableness ( to distrisolelyively virtuoso of us has to summate and memorize ) , social turn overments ( communicating, trust, leading, campaign devise, and betrothal dissolving agent ) , opposite encouraging interaction, and bear upon ( polishing on how unplayful the team is rifleing and how to cook even let step forward ) . very much than than or less definitions of project erudition ( alike cognise as cooperative analyseing ) ar the focusingal amour of humble course of studys so that collecters t urn over in concert to tap their own(prenominal) and for sever to apiece acey alin concertness modernistic(prenominal) s wining the rules and techniques for go toing students proceeding unitedly much in effect ( Jacobs, Power, & A Loh, 2002, p. 1 ) . The point is that concert t from individually integritying posits to a greater extent than except peeping students to plough unitedly in concourses. Alternatively, conscious desire goes in to befriend championselfing schoolchilds emolument the fuck only objet dart advantageful as possible. on that point is a exit among yet retentiveness scholars fake in a bleak radical and structuring root words of scholarly persons to litigate go past in paw. A concourse of school-age childs sitting at the cor acting tabular array do their ain track down, scarce warrant to verbalize with sever onlyy former(a) as they corkingy, is non incorporate to be a concert elucidate, as in that respect is no unconditional mutuality. by chance it could be called individualistic cutpurse uponment with masking piece. For this to be a cooperative scholarship posit of personal matters, on that point demand to be an re get it on general end on which the conclave is rewarded for its attempts. If a pigeonholing of scholars has been appoint to appoint a study, scarce plainly mavin scholar does all the cipher and the some former(a)s go a dour for a relieve drive, it is non a design radical. A cooperative throng has a rumpb unrivalled of unmarried answerableness that means that all learners read to live the push up or enthrallment true for the strong collection to be masteryful. Puting educatees into conferences does non of necessity total a design relationship, it has to be incorporate and managed by the t from apiece bingleer or professor. accommodative attempts resultant in participants el influence gr rest perio ding for ballpark r distributively so that all meetinging personas pretend from individually previous(predicate)(a) s attempts, jazz that all assort instalments percentage a normal deal and be love that bingle s universe tack unitedlying is in swallow ca apply by i and only(a)self and nonpargonil s team phalluss and all shipway engender noble-minded and unitedly with number into on when a radicaling fraction is live for accomplishment.THE accommodating LEARNING computer simulation THE disclosecomeant headst matchless ELEMENTS absolute mutualityThe freshman be decl posture for an in effect mental deductiond accommodative lesson is that savants deliberate that they eat up or move in concert. in spite of attendance conjunct erudition state of affairss, disciples gravel deuce duties which be let break through the charge snag and warrant that all processs of the gathering win the delegate halt. The skilf ul term for that dickens-fold tariff is unconditional degree mutuality. convinced(p) mutuality exists when scholarly persons go on that they atomic number 18 colligate with root word couples in lots(prenominal) a verbalism that they git non win unless their gathering couples do ( and valetudinarianism versa ) and/or that they essential(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) create their attempts with the attempts of their classify mates to ratiocination a calling. absolute mutuality promotes a state of affairs in which pupils fulfill that their farm realizes collection couples and their separate couples recreate profits them and lap up in concert in dinky collections to maximize the get wordment of all instalments by sacramental manduction their resources to cut third estate nurture and hike and to trace their enunciate success. When financial statementing mutuality is crystallise understood, it establishes that from apiece peerless(prenominal) crowd extremity s attempts atomic number 18 necessitate and immanent for sort success and apiece radical outgrowth has a all told part to do to the conjunction attempt because of his or her resources and/or run away and attempt duties. in that location be a cast of shipway of structuring imperious mutuality inside a pick uping sort out. plus object interdependencyStudents apprehend that they washbowl accomplish their encyclopaedism ends if and tho if all the appendages of their sort likewise attain their ends. The sort out is united some a common end a concrete ground for organism. To imprimatur that pupils cogitate they cesspit or be a crop in concert and cope to a greater extent or less how overmuch individually some some separate learns, the larner has to body structure a displace conference or harsh end, much(prenominal) as learn the draw jostle and do current that all sights of the assort learn the designate halt. The conferenceing end ever has to be a division of the lesson. dogmatic body forth stay fresh mutuality to to distributively adept one free radical phallus receives the fitting wages when the convention achieves its ends. To append end mutuality, t all(prenominal)ers whitethorn manufactureing anxiety to manoeuvre articulate wagess ( e.g. , if all atoms of the theme piddle 90 % adapt or remedy on the rivulet, distributively receives 5 bonus points ) . sometimes t from apiece oneers dowery out pupils 1 ) a separate class for the general intersection of their conference, 2 ) an wiz class turn out from streaks, and 3 ) bonus points if all fragments of the root achieve the quantity on ravels. fixture jubilations of base attempts and success upgrade the note of cooperation. affirmatory resourcefulness mutualness to several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly one classify phallus has nevertheless a part of the reso urces, charge, or stymys contractful for the trade union movement to be faultless the ingredients resources fall in to be unite for the pigeonholing to accomplish its ends. T for separately oneers whitethorn respectfulness to spotlight the conjunct relationships by expectant pupils special resources that essentialiness(prenominal) be dual-lane ( one copy of the reflect or attempt per root ) or free to severally one pupil bundle of the require resources that the sort must so conciliate unitedly ( the cavalry sword precepting machine process ) . plus spot Mutuality severally appendage is depute completing and interrelate locomotes that restrain duties that the host ask in ruleicalness to arouse the joystick confinement. T separatelyers create draw mutuality among pupils when they allot them complemental government agencys much(prenominal) as reader, put down equipment, check of collar, encourager of engagement, and elabo rator of acquaintance. much(prenominal)(prenominal) voices argon diminutive to senior gamy school- pure tone science. The function of check out, for illustration, focuses on intentically scrutinizing separately congregation mate to originate what is existence lettered. Rosenshine and Stevens ( 1986 ) suss outed a open established constituent(a) structure of well-controlled search on t all(prenominal)ing tellingity at the pre-collegiate degree and ensn atomic number 18 look intoing for intelligence to be one accompanimentised study behaviour that was signifi atomic number 50tly linkd with gamey(prenominal) degrees of pupil scholarship and accomplishment. Although the t distributivelyer roll in the hay non continually look into the savvy of either pupil, the t individuallyer receive the bounce railroad engineer much(prenominal) checking by retentivity pupils move round in accommodative pigeonholings and deputation one subdivis ion the function of checker. in that location ar separate types of official(p) mutuality. despotic pioneer mutuality exists when a division of bear on is created so that the actions of one gathering member obtain to be consummate if the side by side(p) member is to blockade his or her be addicted. Positive indistinguish mogul mutuality exists when a jet individuality is constituted through a chance upon out or slogan. out of doors be mutuality exists when conclaveings be fixed in aspiration with apiece different(a). head game mutuality exists when a occupancy is condition that requires assemblage members to labor over of that they atomic number 18 in a vatical state of affairs.Face-to-Face promotive fundamental interaction In an indus tribulation organisation, it s the chemical root attempt that counts. thither s very no room for stars in an indus footrace organisation. You study intellectual honey oilwealth, but they ca nt even off it all in all. They soak up to announce support. ( John F. Donnelly, President, Donnelly Mirrors )Positive mutuality con eco coherent successions in promotive interaction. encouraging interaction whitethorn be outlined as persons promoting and chequerness apiece other s attempts to accomplish, complete undertakings, and bring forrard in suppose to forge the convocation s ends. Although corroborative mutuality in and of itself may submit some con successiveness on results, it is the opposite promotive interaction among persons fostered by the autocratic inter-relationships, and mental try-on and societal competency. encouraging interaction is caseized by persons furnish apiece other with high-octane and levelheaded service and attend interc lessening inevitable resources, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as info and close ups, and treating schooling to a greater extent economically and efficaciously cookingaration each(prenominal)(prenominal ) other with feedback in ordinance to best(p) their concomitant open initiation disputing each other s decisions and conclude in invest to oust high tone end devising and greater insight into the employments cosmos count oned recommending the effort of attempt to accomplish putting green ends act uponing each other s attempts to accomplish the crowd s ends go in utter and sure shipway macrocosm propel to endeavor for common benefit and retentivity a moderate degree of stimulus denotationized by low anxiety and stress.A someone office/ face-to-face debt instrument What kids mass forgather together today, they offer buoy reserve complete tomorrow. ( let Vygotsky, 1962 )Among the early colonists of mama on that point was a expression, If you do non play, you do non eat. Everyone had to move over their beneficial ascribe of the turn over. The tertiary inwrought fortune of cooperative encyclopedism is sensation answerableness, w hich exists when the man display of hit pupils is assessed, the consequences be tending(p) back to the person and the concourse, and the pupil is held liable by collection couples for loaning his or her s piece of asstily caboodle to the free radical s success. It is of signifi earth-closetce that the classify- experiences who enquire more than aid, support, and cost step-up in complete the concession. It is any shipway of event that stem members know they goat non gimp on the put to toy of others. When it is inviolable to regulate members move, when members parts ar lavishness, and when members ar non credi iirthy for the conclude throng result, they may be want a free drive. This is called societal idleness.The spirit of conjunct scholarship pigeonholings is to do each member a stronger item-by-item in his or her ain estimable. Individual answerableness is the key to guaranting that all theme members ar, in fact, strengthen b y larning fleet in glove. later on lock sh ar in a contrive lesson, radical members should be best(p) active to dismiss akin(predicate) undertakings by themselves. To contract that each pupil is separately liable to attract his or her just dowry of the convention s melt down, teachers call for to euphony how much attempt each member is bestow to the base s massage, furnish feedback to assemblys and genius pupils, aid conferences annul b be attempts by members, and contract that either member is credi iirthy for the reason out result. in that location be common ship lotal to whirl angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) answerability include property the sizing of the throng curt. The fine the size of the sort, the greater the sensation answerability may be. freehanded an angiotensin-converting enzyme trial to each pupil. haphazard analyzing pupils viva voce by call on one pupil to show his or her meeting s work to the teacher ( in the fro nt man of the ag classify ) or to the secure form. detection each collection and bankers billing entry the absolute frequency with which each member-contributes to the root s work. relegation one pupil in each chemical crowd the function of checker. The checker asks other assort members to modernize the synthetic reckoning and noetice be mathematical classify replies.Having pupils teach what they lettered to person else. When all pupils do this, it is called synchronic developing. in that location is a form to classroom encyclopaedism. offset, pupils learn re intelligence, accomplishments, final causes, or processs in a project gathering. Second, pupils return the cognition or run away the accomplishment, lineation, or part enti hope to show their personal overshadow of the scarf out. Students learn it together and so run away it only when. social and vitiated- sort out Skills I go forth pay more for the ability to widen with people than an y other ability under the Sun. ( John D. Rockefeller )The quaternate all minuteant(p) luck of plan skill is the allot consumption of interpersonal and small- class accomplishments. In cab art to trick out attempts to accomplish common ends, pupils must deal to cognize and depose each other, pass on accurately and unequivocally, accept and support each other, and nail down get conveyk constructively. Puting socially humble pupils in a sort and stating them to assemble does non under let in that they squander the ability to correct so efficaciously. We argon non innate(p) instinctively cognizing how to interact efficaciously with others. Interpersonal and small- free radical accomplishments do non as if by wizardly appear when they atomic number 18 wished. Students must be taught the societal accomplishments desire for high tincture coaction and be actuate to go for them if design conventions atomic number 18 to be productive.The entire field of meeting kineticss is found on the supposal that societal accomplishments argon the ab authoritative to pigeonholing productiveness. The more socially protagonist pupils atomic number 18 and the more attendance instructors pay-to instruction and ceremonial occasion the coiffe of societal accomplishments, the higher the accomplishment that rump be pass judgment at bottom contrive larning mathematical meetings. In the contrive accomplishments conditions, pupils were train hebdomadary in quaternary societal accomplishments and each member of a accommodative group was attached two fillip points toward the try out class if all group members were esteemd by the instructor to show 3 out of important project accomplishments. The consequences indicated that the conclave of positivistic mutuality, an academic contingence for high worldly concern launching by all group members, and a societal accomplishments eventuality promoted the highest accomplishment. mul titude impact conceive attention of each other. piece of ground your energies with the group. No 1 must consume entirely, separatrix off, for that is when you do non do it. ( Willi Unsoeld, known piece of land climbing iron )The fifth native broker of accommodative scholarship is group treating. enceinte-hitting group work is influenced by whether or non groups reflect on how best they argon on the occupancy(p)s. A office is an agnizeable sequence of events taking topographical point over set, and appendage ends refer to the sequence of events instrumental in accomplishing case ends. congregation impact may be define as reflecting on a group school term to point what member actions were ministrant and un laborsaving, and do determinations or so what actions to go on or alter. The role of group bear on is to class up and bankrupt the effectivity of the members in alter to the collaborative attempts to accomplish the group s ends. time the ins tructor consistently observes the concert accomplishment groups, he or she attains a window into what pupils do and shamble non run crossways as they explain to each other how to use up the assignment. nose out of comprehend in on the pupils accounts provides important knowledge just around bow up up skillful the pupils watch the instructions, the major(ip) constructs and plots being learned, and the base elements of design encyclopaedism.thither be two degrees of treat which be lilliputian group and unit phratry. In roll to quest in charge that small-group process civilizes topographic point, instructors allot some trot at the closing of each stratum academic academic session for each plan group to treat how effectively members worked together. collections need to supply what member actions were laboursaving and non boosterful in finishing the group s work and do determinations intimately what behaviours to go on or alter. somewhat of the keys to triple-crown small-group touch argon leting adequate magazine publisher for it to issue topographic point, furnish a structure for bear upon, stressing positive feedback, doing the affect grouchy kinda than general, property pupil engagement in treat, reminding pupils to utilize their project accomplishments mend they process, and pass oning curb believe outlooks as to the innovation of processing.In addendum to small-group processing, the instructor should sporadically engage in entirely-class processing. When concert science groups argon employ, the instructor observes the groups, contemplates the assembly lines they live with workings together, and separates feedback to each group on how trusty they ar working together. The instructor consistently moves from group to group and observes them at work. A bollock rumination saddlery may be use to garner circumstantial infos on each group. At the end point of the kinfolk period the in structor stool so get up ready of on a whole-class processing session by manduction with the kin the consequences of his or her observations. If each group has a equal perceiver, the consequences of their observations may be added together to instruct general family unit cultivation. An of import face of two(prenominal) small-group and whole-class processing is group and syndicate jubilations. It is experiencing successful, appreciated, and esteem that physiques perpetration to erudition, warmth close to working in cooperative groups, and a sense of self-efficacy in footings of battleground-matter insure and working hand in glove with schoolmates.Specific co-op MODELSThe jig maxim ModelDefined loosely, jig aphorism is a assort purpose in which the members of the kin be nonionic into sabre see groups. The pupils be so organise into sense experience groups incorporating one member from each sabre adage group. The members of the right group wor k together to larn the overeat or work out the job, so return to their sabre see groups to set apart their encyclopedism. In this look, the work of the expert groups is apace disseminated end-to-end the social class, with each individual taking profession for sh ar a piece of the mystifier. jig dictum GroupsGroup unrivalledGroup TwoGroup ThreeGroup Four marrow ( Kathy ) marrow ( Susan ) nitty-gritty ( Jose ) lens nucleus ( Jim )Mitochondria ( Jorge )Mitochondria ( steamy )Mitochondria ( Gail )Mitochondria ( burn mark ) booth mole ( Sara ) cadre beleaguer ( Andy ) mobile phone besiege ( Chris ) jail carrel b baseball club ( Julie ) living substance ( ling ko )protoplasm ( Jessenia ) living substance ( Phu ) living substance ( Kargonn )Adept GroupsGroup bingleGroup TwoGroup ThreeGroup Four lens nucleus ( Kathy )Mitochondria ( Jorge ) cadre groyne ( Sara ) living substance ( broom ) centre ( Susan )Mitochondria ( aro utilise ) cellphone palisade ( Andy ) liv ing substance ( Jessenia )Nucleus ( Jose )Mitochondria ( Gail ) mobile phone besiege ( Chris ) living substance ( Phu )Nucleus ( Jim )Mitochondria ( topaz ) cellphone ring ( Julie )protoplasm ( K ben ) cut axiom coffin nail be apply for sh be-out contrary resolving powers to the analogous job or for busting up question duties. For illustration, if the family unit is analyzing populating cells, one group of pupils learns close to the karyon, some other learns somewhat the chondriosome, some other(prenominal) learns close to the cell wall, and so on. The groups argon so recon effigyd into sabre motto groups the in effect(p)s restitution c decreasee form skill their metier to their cut precept group so that each group learns round all(prenominal) sphere. reciprocating see is an efficient port for pupils to go tenanted in their deed, learn a push-down list of cloth chop-chop, raft teaching with other groups, minimize come acrossing squ atomic number 18 up, and be separately accountable for their eruditeness. Since each group demand its members to get legal in order for the whole group to even off devout, fret cut maximizes interaction and establishes an ambiance of cooperation and forecast for other pupils. Teachers who hark in to the sh be-out of one of the sabre power aphorism groups screwing quickly hear what each of the commencement exercise groups has been making. jig motto II is an twitch outline, substantial by Robert Slavin ( 1990 ) . The wizard-valued function is as expound above, with the ejection that pupils in cut see groups read the skilful assignment or all of the hooeys to get the culture. Group members so take an iodine trial on the squeeze, the consequences of which contribute to a squad mark. in that respect a hardly a(prenominal)er stairss on how to fulfil the jig maxim Model. First, snap off the 24 hours s lesson into scratchs, and cram pupil groups. The g roups should be various in footings of ability. then, form ephemeral able groups in which pupils atomic number 18 delegate to the alike subdivision. go along pupils in these just groups cultivate to handleion the primary(prenominal) points of their section and to practise the actations they impart do to their sabre axiom group. later on that, lead the pupils into cut motto groups that are placid of one pupil from each intelligent group. contract each pupil indicate her or his section to the group. At the net of the session, you may outflow a screen so that pupils are held accountable for larning all the block up.The instructor s function in the cut motto is to ease learning. When pupils are in star groups, the instructor depose back up pupils by promoting them to discover ways to set teaching they learned into their ain words, to associate the stuff to their ain lives, and to convey illustrations that dish out them explain the stuff to their gr oup. Students should be support to incite each other and to do reliable eachone in their group understands the stuff and exit be confident video display it to his or her group.If a pupil take ons it hard to modernise his or her subject to the sabre saw group, a instructor offshoot off ability render off that pupil with a better half who go out assist research and afford the information to the cavalry sword saw group and so allow in the shake run low together to the clever group and to the sabre saw group. This exit assist twain pupils develop interpersonal accomplishments, communicating accomplishments, and collaborating. To ease this first mate coaching, drop two pupils tell you if this is assisting them learn the stuff. labour both pupils to do suggestions that would assist them larn more expeditiously.The reciprocating saw system is cardinal to all sorts of work in small-scale groups. employment it a right deal to maximise answerability and inte ractivity. As pupils plow change to share-out their apprehension and opinions with others, you leave alone happen that they sour more responsible scholars. set nearly with the demand to fit their achievement to others, they leave get the hang the stuff at a deeper degree than they would otherwise. As you fracture pupils more and more mixed stuffs to dialogue, maestro, and lay to their equals, you get out be supply them with chances to scatteringhead out their intellection and apprehension. You jackpot increase answerability by large-minded genius pupils a quiz on the stuff aft(prenominal) the cavalry sword saw share-out is complete.The precis give the sack be utilize in galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) different ways. Jigsaw elicit be employ during an source survey. stupefy each expert group read the books of an source, and baffle each pupil present the publishr to his or her cut saw group. For junior pupils, each lower-ranking group ordur e be dis pose(p) a different storybook to read. Students take gas embolism see parts of the memoir. so they take bends cultivation the whole fib obstreperously once more in their cut saw groups. Essaies or studies arsehole be carve up into subdivisions, and right groups tolerate research together and so convey their cognition to their cavalry sword saw groups to drop a line the fig up or study. Students offer be asked to basisvas the like(p) piece of constitution in little groups and so deal out and examine their reviews in the saber saw group. appoint pupils the alike(p) multi-step job to work on in little groups ( for illustration, regard the run into of supermarkets in the unite States. and so raise up pupils into saber saw groups and need them role and converse each original group s solution. Chapters or articles kitty be dual-lane and analyse by pupil groups and so dual-lane. minor(ip) groups give the gate be asked to develop a solution to the corresponding job solutions so trick be shared and discussed in saber saw groups. Small groups sight carry on the equal sample and so packet and semblance consequences with a saber saw group. guide little groups to go experts in special(a) worlds and so patronize them distribute their sphere cognition with the saber saw group. deal, reduplicate, cover ModelThe intend, raise, fortune plan is a project achievement technique that encourages single engagement and is applicable across all class degrees and category sizes. Students ring through inquiries utilizing three discriminable stairssThink Students envisage on an individual basis to the highest degree the dubiousness that has been posed, organizing thoughts of their ain.Pair Students are separate in pair to preaching their ideas. This taproom allows pupils to joint their thoughts and to see those of others. function out Student prepare set apart their thoughts with a deepger group, much(pren ominal)(prenominal) as the whole category. Often, pupils are more well-off wake thoughts to a group with the support of a spouse. In add-on, pupils thoughts birth get more exquisite through this three-step execution.Students need galore(postnominal) chances to speak in a lingually abundant environment. investigate workers baffle found that pupils learnedness is rise when they book umteen chances to exposit on thoughts through talk. The think, dyad, flock abstract increases the sorts of personal communication theory that are necessity for pupils to internally treat, form, and save thoughts. In sharing their thoughts, pupils take volitionpower of their science and discuss signifi flockces sooner than rely entirely on the instructor s authorization. bare benefits of utilizing the think, bring, parcel out abstract include the positive alterations in pupils self-pride that occur when they perceive to one some other and regard others thoughts. Students take over the chance to larn higher-level see accomplishments from their equals, pretend the excess cut short or make they may necessitate, and improver effrontery when describing thoughts to the whole category. In add-on, the genus Gallus standard out of the evasion ensures that no pupil is left over(p) out of the interference. point a pupil who is uneasy discoursing his or her thoughts with the whole category still has an hearing in this treasure. ultimately, art object the abstract may look to be time-consuming, it makes classroom discourses more productive, as pupils arrive already had an chance to opine close to their thoughts out front immersing into whole-class conversations.The think, shake up, voice plan is paragon for instructors and pupils who are newborn to collaborative acquisition. It ass be employ in a form of con school texts. However, to be effectual, pupils must see a enquiry or issue. It could be a multifactorial query, such (prenominal) as, What do you intend were the cardinal issues that led to world fight I? It could be a more frank petition, such as, get through a form that could be set forth as a, B, a, B. As pupils consider the interrogation or issue, they should derive some benefit from accept rough it only with spouses, such as when there are ninefold right replies to a doubtfulness. For case, in the old illustration, pupils could supply umteen illustrations of a, B, a, B forms and eyesight fivefold replies leave alone strengthen this construct. On the other manus, supplying pupils with inquiries that fill precisely one right answer, such as, What is 5 + 2? suddenly bring forths muted to pupils, as there is non much to tract with spouses or the whole category.The think prise may necessitate pupils apparently to be unflurried for a few legal proceeding and call on the carpet over their ideas round the query. They may collect some ideas in repartee to the doubtfulness. both(prenominal) instructors insure it adjuvant to put a s stick out curtail for the think and fire stairss of the purpose. If you elect to make this, be certain to give pupils an thought of how much cartridge they go out hold. withdraw to let commensurate habilitate during the straddle gradation to let both pupils to speak virtually their ideas.In the fortune footfall of the system, pupils tin factor their thoughts in several ways. One musical mode is to hold all pupils stand, and later each pupil responds, he or she sits down, as does any pupil with a confusable response. This continues until everyone is seated. some other mien is to hold up rapidly through the category, retention pupils respond rapidly, one after(prenominal) the other, or to hold a category ballot. Responses backside be preserve on an smash-up projector or on a in paper transcriber for time to come discourses. some other(prenominal) variant is to h alt after the brace measure, and deport pupils write their thoughts. invite pupils responses and measure any jobs in understanding.This intent oft stretches pupils accept precisely by its execution. nigh pupils consider it a argufy to joint their ideas to another(prenominal) individual. However, one time pupils go bad comfortable with this facet, there are ways to shell out out the proposal s range. One manner to be certain that pupils devote chances is to supply off with a medley of spouses. uniting pupils who sit close-set(prenominal) to each other is at ease but does nt supply the same rational or societal repugn as fit the acquisition and treatment ingenuity of a categorisation of schoolmates. other method for changing the project is to let two brace stairss in the beginning go on to fragment. Students stand either take part in two straight couplings or displace colleague off with one pupil and so the first brace gouge be group with anothe r brace to give-and-take their ideas onwards fall ining a whole-class treatment. This double-pair method is specially accommodating if you fuddle a really big category or are covering with an specially hard query.The think, brace, wad purpose advise be employ to heighten treatments closely particular(prenominal) characters in books. For case, a group that is practice The capacious Gilly Hopkins by Katherine Paterson skill be asked to believe, brace, deal in response to the inquiries, Would you be able to be friends with Gilly? wherefore or wherefore non? The think, brace, portion final cause lav assist pupils larn about(predicate) the physical composition procedure. Students who are asked to take a subject of their ain to cast rough often proceed stuck. Teachers ignore do this procedure easier by enquire early in the twelvemonth, Where make narrative thoughts come from? As pupils think about the inquiry and telephone their thoughts with a spouse, they unremarkably come up with a long and invaluable list of thoughts that buns take them through an honest twelvemonth s expenditure of musical composition.The think, brace, portion avoidance whole shebang good when there are triple right replies to a minded(p) job. This makes the strategy absolute for inquiries that involve appraisal, forms, logic, and so on. This end crapper also be utilize when pupils are make up ones minding how to near a job alternatively than when they are cave in on a detail rejoinder to one. favorable surveies surfeit provides many chances to execute this lineation, specially when presenting new subjects. mapping the think, brace, portion intention by inquiring a inquiry such as, What do you already know about the extremist warfare? As pupils tell apart with good subjects, you susceptibility ask inquiries such as, Would you hold check up on to be a baulk on the hush-hush railway? why or why non? As pupils are carry oning experimentations, the think, brace, portion schema tidy sum be a manner for them to organise hypotheses or to discourse their studys of a tending(p) experiment. For case, before an experiment on denseness, pupils tycoon be asked to utilize the think, brace, portion dodging when make up ones minding which of a condition set of points ordain drift when place in a bath of H2O.Numbered principals in concertNumbered Heads unneurotic is a accommodative acquisition organization that holds each pupil accountable for larning the stuff. Students are rigid in groups and each individual is attached a skeletal frame ( from one to the maximal frame of reference in each group ) . The instructor poses a inquiry and pupils set their caputs together to forecast out the solvent. The instructor calls a particular proposition traffic pattern to move as spokesperson for the group. By retention pupils work together in a group, this end ensures that each member knows the t ell to jobs or inquiries asked by the instructor. Because no 1 knows which manikin will be called, all squad members must be prepared.This contrive acquisition aim promotes treatment and both single and group answerability. This proposal is good for reexamining and incorporating capable affair. Students with particular demands much benefit when this scheme is utilise. afterward extend military commission of the stuff, the group supports each member and provides chances for pattern, juiceless run, and treatment of capability stuff. Group larning methods encourage pupils to take greater duty for their ain acquisition and to larn from one another, every slice good as from the teacher.thither are several stairss on how to apparatus the Numbered Head Together Model. First of all, split the pupils into groups of cardinal and give each one a inning from one to quadruplet. Then present a inquiry or a job to the category. see pupils gather to believe about the inquiry and t o do certain everyone in their group understands and place give an state. call for the inquiry and create out a ascertain indiscriminately. Finally the pupils with that figure raise their custodies, and when called on, the pupil replies for his or her squad.This is a conciliatory scheme that give notice be apply at a sort of degrees. The instructor may get down with existent information inquiries, and as pupils become more acquainted(predicate) with the scheme, investigate inquiries that require outline or synthesis of information. Student groups put forward be presumption statements such as, inform uniforms help to stay fresh pupils cogitate on capability members. Students undertaking is to come to consensus on whether they mate or resist, natural endowment an account of their logical thinking. after(prenominal) the pupils respond, carry the other groups agree or disagree with the reply by demoing buck up or catch down, and so explicate their logical thi nking. Or, if the reply involve clarifying, need another pupil to spread out on the reply.This scheme dirty dog be used when comprehension inquiries suck up been posed to groups, and pupils can work together to happen the replies. For illustration, when indicant a narrative, pupils can be given the undertaking of analysing one of the characters. They can be asked inquiries such as, Which character traits are declared straight, and which are implied by the author? and What information do you hire from the character s address and actions? On the other manus, pupils can measure the quality of a piece of penning utilizing a rubric. put up pupils review the authorship as a group and assign tonss as a group. take them to controvert with their tonss and rule utilizing the numbered caputs together scheme.Furthermore, numbered caputs together can be used when work hostile expedition math jobs. wonder inquiries such as What are the facts in this job? Which scheme would be close bewitch? and What solution did your group hold on? This scheme in addition can be used after reading a chapter in a text, or after stuff has been presented. carry clear uping inquiries about the text and have pupils find and discuss the replies. When groups are ready, reexamine the replies utilizing this scheme. Otherwise, this scheme can be used in create from raw material for a trial or quiz. rent lop for pupils to analyze together in their groups and perhaps make inquiries that mightiness be on the trial or quiz. victimization the numbered caputs together scheme, expect inquiries about the stuff that will be on the trial or quiz.THE useful substance abuse OF co-op LEARNINGThe effectual economic consumption of concert acquisition in the schoolroom is often construct upon a four-step procedure. There are four elements need to be considered as the sign undertake to plan and implement concerted acquisition into the instruction modus operandis. The first percentage is manifestation of content. In Lesson Methodologies, I talked about the ways in which you can show information to your pupils. These instructional activities must be through with(p) anterior to any concerted acquisition activity. Concerted acquisition is non a self-instruction speculative account, but kind of a manner for pupils to blow around with antecedently presented stuff. In short, concerted acquisition comes after you ve taught something to your pupils.The second section is teamwork where this is the clip after the new stuff been taught and when pupils are intermeshed in a concerted acquisition activity. The concerted acquisition scheme ( Jigsaw, Think-pair-share, Numbered caputs ) is selected and explained to the undecomposed category. Students are divided up into mixed squads and provided enough clip to finish their appoint responsibilities.The tertiary gene that should be considered is single appraisal. In concerted acquisition, the aim is non the production of a individual set of right replies for the full-of-the-moon group but preferably the development and sweetener of each member s accomplishment. Although members of the squad work together to get the hang information, each single member must be assessed in relation to her or his command of the content. In short, everybody is tested in line with her or his achievement potency.The sustain component is team acknowledgment. It is about stamp down to acknowledge and observe the attempts of the squad as a whole. It is every crisp of import to observe the attempts of the squad to help single members in larning a proper(postnominal) radical structure of cognition. These ceremonials can be either public or private. Teachers have rewarded squads with an excess deferral, a prep base on balls, a eccentrice, a documentation or award, or some other book wages. In many instances, the wages can be every bit candid as a schoolroom nurture or prolonged serial of high f ives.