Muscular Dystrophy Essay -- Science Biology Health

Strong Dystrophy Researchers have been battling with the reason, treatment of, and remedy for Muscular dystrophy since its disclosure in 1886, by Dr. Guillaume Duchenne. Solid dystrophy is an inherited ailment, influencing a large number of individuals consistently, 66% being kids between the time of birth through young people. Strong dystrophy can likewise happen with no family ancestry of the ailment. Solid dystrophy is a declining sickness, where the skeletal muscles degenerate, lose their quality, and cause expanding inability and disfigurement. Muscles joined to the bones through ligaments are liable for development in the human body, be that as it may, in solid dystrophy the muscles become logically feeble. As the muscle strands become very feeble they begin to bite the dust and are supplanted by connective tissue. The connective tissue is sinewy and greasy instead of solid. These substitution strands are typically found in skin and scar tissue and are not fit for development, which cause the muscles to turn out to be significantly more vulnerable. While strong dystrophy keeps on being an incapacitating ailment, there are an assortment of conspicuous kinds, Duchenne solid dystrophy, or pseudohypertrophic, being the most widely recognized. In this sickness, the muscles included are in the upper thigh and pelvis. The ailment strikes in youth, typically between the ages of three and five years old. This structure is hereditary, transmitted from moms who are known to be bearers of the blemished quality. Albeit uncommon, females with a background marked by ovarian dysgenesis have been known to create side effects of Duchenne strong dystrophy. Duchenne solid dystrophy is brought about by a deformity in the dystrophin quality that is fundamental for sound muscles. The variation from the norm causes l... ...g specialists can teach couples on the uncommon chance that they may deliver influenced posterity. By doing so couples can settle on the choice whether to proceed with the legacy of the inadequate quality to their posterity, or settle on a still, small voice choice not to. Through clinical exploration we will have a fix of how to stop this crippling infection. Work Cited Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy. The New Complete Medical And Health Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. Realities About Muscular Dystrophy MD). Muscular Dystrophy Association Publications. 6/2001. WWW.mdausa.org/distributions/fa-md.html Realities About Muscular Dystrophy (MD). Muscular Dystrophy Association Publication. 6/2001 www.mdausa.org/distributions/fa-md-ga2.html Solid Dystrophy. New Standard Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. Robinson, Richard. Solid dystrophy. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 1999 ed.

Critical sumamries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Basic sumamries - Essay Example The lords governed the line with the standards of All-Under-Heaven, which suggested a typical cultivated world. It is apparent that individuals could get societies. The Confucian lessons have a few declarations on the capacity of a person to change to an edified being. The area gives a concise history to outline state way of life just as ethnicity. It clarifies that Zhou and different lords used to manage the line and beat state and ethnic limits. The segment identifies with others by depicting one of the antiquated Chinese regions. The Zhou line is like different regions in the section, for example, the Tang line (Ebrey, 55). The area relates to the primary idea of the part by clarifying acts of the antiquated Chinese. The idea of state and ethnic character in the antiquated Chinese domains identifies with the present ethnic arrangements of the Chinese. It is regular for the Chinese just as others to relate to their ethnic gatherings and territorial

Its Almost Here!

It’s Almost Here! I think the last time I saw the sun was Saturday. In a strange turn of events for August, Boston has been graced with cloudy skies, unrelenting rain, and chilly temps since the weekend. Welcome back to Boston…or is it Seattle? Anyway, grab your umbrella just in case. While the weather attempts to dampen our moods, campus-wide excitement will not be contained once Orientation starts this weekend. I remember my Orientation very well; I had just come back from FLP (Freshman Leadership Program), a Freshman Pre-Orientation Program, and was so excited to explore MIT for a full week. There seemed to be events going on 24 hours a day! While this was exciting, it was also overwhelming. Unfortunately, there’s no way to go to every single Orientation event. Freshmen, that’s why I recommend looking through the schedule, choosing what interests you, and saving time for last-minute decisions. Oh, and grab tons of free food. It’s pretty much the pivotal element to many Orientation events. Believe it or not, Orientation is also a great opportunity to learn about internships. In their sophomore year, many GEL students were enrolled in UPOP (Undergraduate Practice Opportunities Program, not to be confused with UROP, the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program), but it’s never too early to explore career opportunities! If you’re interested in becoming an engineering leader, or discovering more about UPOP or the Gordon program, there are plenty of opportunities to do so during Orientation: Wednesday, September 1st (2-3:30, Johnson Ice Rink): The GEL program will have a booth at the Academic Expo. Stop by and talk to students about their experiences with engineering leadership! Thursday, September 2nd (12-1, room 12-196): As part of “Freshman Explorations” on Thursday, you can have lunch (free food!) with the UPOP office! They’re very friendly and they know a ton about career development. Plus, it’s another opportunity to meet students who’ve benefited from UPOP. Thursday, September 2nd (1-1:30, room 12-196): An open house with snacks in the UPOP office. (More free food!) The UPOP office is a great resource that teaches career skills and encourages leadership development. Next week I have a personal UPOP meeting in which someone from the office will show me how to improve my resume. Then, there’s another meeting for GEL students to review their internships over the summer and talk about plans for the next year. But Orientation Week isn’t about UPOP or GEL or me; it’s about you! The people you meet, the activities in which you participate, the places you go during Orientation Week can really set a pattern for your time at MIT. My advice: choose your activities carefully. Consider activities in which you could be interested. Throw in some random choices. And remember: go for the free food! Oh, and enjoy the upcoming weather:

Whos More Likely to Vote Women or Men

Women dont take anything for granted, including the right to vote. Although women in America have had that right for less than a century, they exercise it in much greater numbers and greater percentages than their male counterparts. By the Numbers: Women vs. Men at the Polls According to the Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers University, there are clear gender differences in voter turnout: In recent elections, voter turnout rates for women have equaled or exceeded voter turnout rates for men. Women, who constitute more than half the population, have cast between four and seven million more votes than men in recent elections. In every presidential election since 1980, the proportion [of] female adults who voted has exceeded the proportion of made adults who voted. In examining the previous Presidential election years, including and prior to 2016, the numbers bear out the point. Of the total voting-age population: In 2016, 63.3% of women and 59.3% of men voted. Thats 73.7 million women and 63.8 million men—a difference of 9.9 million votes.In 2012, 63.7% of women and 59.8% of men voted. Thats 71.4 million women and 61.6 million men—a difference of 9.8 million votes.In 2008, 65.6% of women and 61.5% of men voted. Thats 70.4 million women and 60.7 million men—a difference of 9.7 million votes.In 2004, 60.1% of women and 56.3% of men voted. Thats 67.3 million women and 58.5 million men—a difference of 8.8 million votes.In 2000, 56.2% of women and 53.1% of men voted. Thats 59.3 million women and 51.5 million men—a difference of 7.8 million votes.In 1996, 55.5% of women and 52.8% of men voted. Thats 56.1 million women and 48.9 million men—a difference of 7.2 million votes. Compare these figures to a couple of generations ago: In 1964, 67% of women and 71.9% of men voted. Thats 39.2 million women and 37.5 million men—a difference of 1.7 million votes. The Impact of Age on Voter Turnout by Gender Among citizens ages 18 to 64, a higher proportion of women than men voted in 2016, 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000 and 1996; the pattern is reversed among older voters (65 and up). For both genders, the older the voter, the greater the turnout, at least through the age of 74. In 2016, of the total voting-age populations: 46% of women and 40% of men 18 to 24 years old voted59.7% of women and 53% of men 25 to 44 years old voted68.2% of women and 64.9% of men 45 to 64 years old voted72.5% of women and 72.8% of men 65 to 74 years old voted The numbers shift for voters 75 years and up, with 66% of women versus 71.6% of men voting, however, older voters routinely continue to outpace younger voters. The Impact of Ethnicity on Voter Turnout by Gender The Center for American Women and Politics also notes that this gender difference holds true across all races and ethnicities with one exception: Among Asians/Pacific Islanders, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites, the number of female voters in recent elections has exceeded the number of male voters. While the difference in voter turnout rates between the sexes is greatest for Blacks, women have voted at higher rates than men among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites in the last five presidential elections; in 2000, the first year for which data are available, Asian/Pacific Islander men voted at a slightly higher rate than Asian/Pacific Islander women. In 2016, of the total voting-age population, the following percentages were reported for each group: Asian/Pacific Islander—48.4% of women and 49.7 % of men votedAfrican American—63.7% of women and 54.2% of men votedHispanic—50% of women and 45% of men votedWhite/non-Hispanic—66.8% of women and 63.7% of men voted In non-presidential election years, women continue to turn out in greater proportions than men. Women outnumber men in terms of voter registration as well: In 2016, 81.3 million women were registered to vote, while only 71.7 million men reported being registered voters,  a difference of 9.6 million voters. The Importance of the Womens Vote So the next time you hear political pundits discussing the womens vote, bear in mind theyre referring to a powerful constituency that numbers in the millions. As more and more female candidates forge their way onto local and national platforms, womens voices and gender-inclusive agendas are increasingly coming to the fore. In the days ahead, it may well be the votes of women,  individually and collectively, that make or break the outcomes of future elections.

The Controversial Election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800

The election of 1800 was one of the most controversial in American history, marked by intrigue, betrayals, and a tie in the electoral college between two candidates who were running mates on the same ticket. The eventual winner was decided only after  days of balloting in the House of Representatives. When it was settled, Thomas Jefferson became president, marking a philosophical change that has been characterized as the Revolution of 1800. The result represented a significant political realignment as the first two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, had been Federalists, while Jefferson represented the ascending Democratic-Republican Party. Constitutional Flaw The 1800 election result revealed a serious flaw in the U.S. Constitution, which said that candidates for president and vice president ran on the same ballot, which meant running mates could be running against each other. The 12th Amendment, which changed the Constitution to prevent the 1800 election problem  from recurring, created the current system of presidents and vice presidents running on the same ticket. The nations fourth presidential election was the first time candidates campaigned, though the campaigning was very subdued by modern standards. The contest was also noteworthy for intensifying political and personal animosity  between two men tragically linked in history, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. John Adams When Washington announced that he would not run for a third term, Adams, his vice president, ran and was elected president in 1796. Adams became increasingly unpopular during his four years in office, especially for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, repressive legislation designed to stifle freedom of the press. As the 1800 election approached, Adams was determined to run for a second term, though his chances werent promising. Alexander Hamilton Hamilton had been born on the island of Nevis in the Caribbean Sea. While he was technically eligible to be president under the Constitution, having been a citizen  when it was ratified, he was such a controversial figure that a run for high office never seemed feasible. However, he had played a formidable role in Washingtons administration, serving as the first secretary of the treasury. Over time he came to be an enemy of Adams, though they were both members of the Federalist Party. He had tried to ensure the defeat of Adams in the election of 1796 and hoped to see Adams defeated in his 1800 run. Hamilton didnt hold governmental office in the late 1790s when he was practicing law in New York City. Yet he built a Federalist political machine in New York and could exert considerable influence in political matters. Aaron Burr Burr, a prominent New York political figure, was opposed to the Federalists continuing their rule and also hoped to see Adams denied a second term. A constant rival to Hamilton, Burr had built a political machine centered on Tammany Hall,  which rivaled Hamiltons Federalist organization. For the 1800 election, Burr threw his support behind Jefferson. Burr ran with Jefferson on the same ticket as the vice presidential candidate. Thomas Jefferson Jefferson had served as Washingtons secretary of state and ran a close second to Adams in the election of 1796. As a critic of the Adams presidency, Jefferson was an obvious candidate on the Democratic-Republican ticket to oppose the Federalists. Campaigning in 1800 While it is true that the 1800 election marked the first time that candidates campaigned, the campaigning mostly consisted of writing letters and articles expressing their intentions. Adams did make trips to Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania that were construed as political visits, and Burr, on behalf of the Democratic-Republican ticket, visited towns throughout New England. In that early period, the electors from the states were generally chosen by state legislatures, not by popular vote. In some cases, the elections for state legislatures were essentially substitutes for the presidential election, so any campaigning took place at the local level. Electoral College Tie The tickets in the election were Federalists Adams and Charles C. Pinckney against Democratic-Republicans Jefferson and Burr. The ballots for the electoral college werent counted until Feb. 11, 1801, when it was discovered that the election was a tie. Jefferson and his running mate, Burr, each received 73 electoral votes. Adams received 65 votes and Pinckney received 64. John Jay, who had not even run, received one electoral vote. The original wording of the Constitution, which didnt distinguish between electoral votes for president and vice president, led to the problematic outcome. In the event of a tie in the electoral college, the Constitution dictated that the election would be decided by the House of Representatives. So Jefferson and Burr, who had been running mates, became rivals. The Federalists, who still controlled the lame-duck Congress, threw their support behind Burr in an effort to defeat Jefferson. While Burr publicly expressed his loyalty to Jefferson, he worked to win the election in the House. Hamilton, who detested Burr and considered Jefferson a safer choice for president, wrote letters and used all his influence with the Federalists to thwart Burr. House Decides The election in the House of Representatives began on Feb. 17 in the unfinished Capitol building in Washington, D.C. The voting went on for several days, and after 36 ballots the tie was finally broken. Jefferson was declared the winner and Burr was named the vice president. It is believed that Hamiltons influence weighed heavily on the outcome. Legacy of the Election of 1800 The fractious outcome of the 1800 election led to the passage and ratification of the 12th Amendment, which changed the way the electoral college functioned. Because Jefferson didnt trust Burr, he gave him nothing to do as vice president. Burr and Hamilton continued their epic feud, which finally culminated in their famous duel in Weehawken, New Jersey on July 11, 1804. Burr shot Hamilton, who died the next day. Burr wasnt prosecuted for killing Hamilton, though he later was accused of treason, tried, and acquitted. He lived in exile in Europe for several years before returning to New York. He died in 1836. Jefferson served two terms as president. He and Adams eventually put their differences behind them and wrote a series of friendly letters during the last decade of their lives. They both died on a noteworthy day: July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

Psychsim 5 Operant Conditioning Free Essays

Classical Versus Operant Conditioning: Classical and Operant differ in when an event takes place. Classical conditioning involves an event, and then a conditioned response, while Operant relies on a decision, knowing what the following event may be. Reinforcement and Punishment: Reinforcement increases the likelyhood of the behaviour repeating. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychsim 5: Operant Conditioning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Giving a dog a treat for coming in after going to the bathroom outside. Removing chores when a teenager obeys their curfew. Punishment decreased the likelyhood of the behaviour repeating. Giving a child time-out for hitting a kid in class. Continuous Versus Partial Reinforcement The behaviour could likely stop as well. Schedules of Reinforcement Giving reinforcement after a constant number of responses. Paying a teenager after they complete 5 chores. Giving reinforcement after a response, after a constant amount of time has elapsed. Letting a child take a 15 minute break for every hour of homework they do. Giving reinforcement after a changing number of responses. Gamblers at a slot machine don’t know how often they’ll be reinforced. Giving reinforcement after a response, after a changing amount of time has elapsed. Fishermen don’t have a constent reinforcement after casting their line. Simulated Experiment: Variable ratio is the most resistant to extinction long term. In any constant situation, the subject may notice a pattern in the number of responses they must provide, or how long they must wait for a reinforcement. In a variable interval senario, it’s true they will respond more because they don’t know how short the interval may be, but they won’t be constantly responding. In a variable ratio schedule, the subject would have to keep responding, and after a changing amount of responses finally be reinforced. This would keep the subject responding at a higher rate. How to cite Psychsim 5: Operant Conditioning, Papers

Impact of Napoleonic Rule in Europe-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Were the renaissance philosophers activists or inspired major Europeans to transform the society in terms of knowledge and governance? Answer: European revolution was instigated by the revolutionary philosophers whose thought gave birth to Napoleon Bonaparte. The enlightenment of Europe started with the enlightenment scientists and the thinkers who brought revolution in the fields of art, science, religion and the form of government. The mid 1500s was the time, when the world started to change its perspective. The theocentricism changed into anthropocentricism where the man was in the center of everything[1]. The scientists questioned the accepted beliefs traditional by the religious figures as well as forming new theories to prove their thoughts. This paper discusses the influence of the enlightened scholars to change the ideology of Europe, the process of creating stage for revolutions and concludes with the impact of Napoleonic rule in the history of Europe. The scholars opened new ways in astronomy, mathematics and science which were purely observation and enquiry based. The scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton introduced their theories which changed the life of the Europeans for eternity. Despite the fact these scientists were capable to provide evidences and made new discoveries, they had to face the rage of the Church because all of their discoveries and inventions were the against the conventional outlook and beliefs of Christianity. However, this oppression of church on the revolutionary thinkers could not stop the scientists to explore and popularize their theories. Hence, they developed various scientific instruments some of which were made for better observations and new discoveries. Changes took place in the medical science and anatomy which was once prohibited by the Church. The discoveries in chemistry and physics paved the way for industrial revolution in Europe. The enlightenment in Europe on the other hand changed the process of governance and law through various political ideologies. The idea of government changed as the theorists like John Locke and Hobbes supported the view of political right possessed by the common people of the country. The concept of power shift from the King to the citizens was the milestone that later created scope for the French and American revolution[2]. The philosophers like Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau were the pioneers whose thoughts ignited the political situation of France. The old regime in France supported for three social classes. These thoughts changed the way of governance first in France and then in the whole Europe thus abolished the concept of monarchy placing power in the hands of the common people. The enlightenment ideas of these French and Italian philosophers inspired the third estate because it consisted with the most exploited class who had the least privileges but paid heavy taxes. This change in the political system, interested them more in bringing the long desired change. Beside these, the country was under tremendous economic pressure. The weak leadership of king Louis XVI with his poor decision, disturbed the administrative hierarchy greatly[3]. These however created the situation for setting up of national assembly by the third estate. As the king decided to suppress this assembly, the mob attacked Bastille and initiated the French revolution. The judicial, administrative and legislative system of governance changed completely and the perspective towards the women changed[4]. The enlightened thinkers changed the traditional perspectives regarding the role of women in the society for which the women got the scope for education and took art in the politics of the stat e like men[5]. Some of the wealthy, influential and educated women decided to bear the torch of enlightenment ideas. The enlightenment spread throughout the western world, profoundly influencing the arts as well as the government. During the 1700s, Paris became the center of enlightenment and publication of Encyclopedia, spread the knowledge of these enlightened scholars throughout Europe. In the aspect of art, newer styles replaced the Baroque style of art which was grand and ornate. The neo classical style of art brought back the Roman and Greek style again even in the literature and music, the classical style started to be followed. The new and enlightened composers such as Mozart and Beethoven followed the classical style but made them more elegant[6]. The enlightenment in Europe changed the face of monarchy also. The enlighten ruler like Catherine of Russia abolished capital punishment and physical torture. The enlightenment in Europe was transmitted to the new world America. Initially, most of the American states were the colonies of European powers like Britain, Dutch and Spain. After the French revolution these colonies aimed to end the colonialism by these powers which arouse the colonial tensions. This growing hostility leads to war and the Americans brought about their declaration and independence which was based on the philosophy of Locke[7]. The Americans though has weak government but established a new constitution. The federal system of government was introduced where the power was divided between nation and the states. They protected the interest of the citizens hence passed the bill of rights by following the philosophies of the European enlightened scholars. The Europe was at the pinnacle of success and in the midst of political satisfaction but what caused the emergence of struggle of power that led Napoleon to rise is a worthy to discuss. The people after the French revolution were under terror[8]. As there was no such strong government to rule the country, the national assembly dictated all the national resources in the name of the rights of man. It seized the land occupied by Church, destroyed all governmental documents and slaughtered the King. Despite the revolutionaries adopted the slogan of liberty, equality and fraternity, the division developed among the revolutionaries. Due to issues like food shortage, debt and threat of attack from other countries divide the revolutionaries into moderate, radicals and conservatives. In this situation, the Jacobins, the radicals, took the responsibility of the government. Robespierre was the leader of this party who led the public safety committee but continued his dictatorship in the name of safety. The mass slaughtering created terror in France. However, in 1791, this reign of terror was abolished with the execution of Robespierre[9]. Towards the end of 1794, the moderate leaders captured power as the terror shifted public opinion from the radicals. This however, brought a good change in the legislation in France with a structured economy and administration. In 1799, Napoleon seized the power and crowned himself as the emperor of France. According to the historians Napoleon is the child of French revolution who took the opportunity of anarchy after the revolution and won the support of the common people. Initially a general in the French war with Britain, Russia and Austria, he became the French emperor and build the nation which was later became the ideal for other countries of Europe[10]. He established new education system and arranged to train the government officials for running administration. The Napoleonic code uniformed all the regulations. He set up national banking system and rearranged tax collection system. He conquered Europe by extending his territories from Russia, Austria and Sweden. Through brilliant battles he curbed the power of his enemies and ruled till 1812. The economic reform introduced by Napoleon strengthened the economy of Europe by weakening Britain. Thus the age of revolution concluded with the fall of Napol eon Bibliography: Anderson, Matthew Smith.Europe in the eighteenth century 1713-1789. Routledge, 2014. Coleman, Charly. "Jonathan Israel. Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre." (2016): 1366-1367. Goodwin, Albert.The friends of liberty: the English democratic movement in the age of the French Revolution. Routledge, 2016. Hadfield, Andrew, and Matthew Dimmock. "Introduction."Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England. Routledge, 2016. 15-26. Higonnet, Patrice. "Liberty or Death: The French Revolution. By Peter McPhee (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2016) 488 pp. $35.00." (2016): 424-425. Jones, Colin. "Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from the Rights of Manto Robespierre." (2015): 252-252. Pisarczyk, Kate, Zach Hall, and Nelle Conley. "The French Enlightenment and Two Men: Napoleon Bonaparte and Beethoven." (2017). Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The origins, causes, and extension of the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon."Warfare in Europe 1792 1815. Routledge, 2017. 47-69. Steinberg, Ronen. "Trauma and the Effects of Mass Violence in Revolutionary France: A Critical Inquiry."Historical Reflections41.3 (2015). Tackett, Timothy.Religion, revolution, and regional culture in eighteenth-century France: the ecclesiastical oath of 1791. Princeton University Press, 2014 Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The origins, causes, and extension of the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon."Warfare in Europe 1792 1815. Routledge, 2017. 47-69. Goodwin, Albert.The friends of liberty: the English democratic movement in the age of the French Revolution. Routledge, 2016. Tackett, Timothy.Religion, revolution, and regional culture in eighteenth-century France: the ecclesiastical oath of 1791. Princeton University Press, 2014. Hadfield, Andrew, and Matthew Dimmock. "Introduction."Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England. Routledge, 2016. 15-26. Coleman, Charly. "Jonathan Israel. Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre." (2016): 1366-1367. Goodwin, Albert.The friends of liberty: the English democratic movement in the age of the French Revolution. Routledge, 2016. Steinberg, Ronen. "Trauma and the Effects of Mass Violence in Revolutionary France: A Critical Inquiry."Historical Reflections41.3 (2015). Higonnet, Patrice. "Liberty or Death: The French Revolution. By Peter McPhee (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2016) 488 pp. $35.00." (2016): 424-425. Anderson, Matthew Smith.Europe in the eighteenth century 1713-1789. Routledge, 2014 Pisarczyk, Kate, Zach Hall, and Nelle Conley. "The French Enlightenment and Two Men: Napoleon Bonaparte and Beethoven." (2017)